regeneration

• Place


  • The physical nature of the place
  • What its residents do for a living
• Place

  • Physical nature of the place
  • Residents' employment
• Place


  • Internal connections
  • External connections
• Internal connections

  • People
  • Employment
  • Housing
  • Services
• External connections


  • Government policies
  • Globalisation
• Locally-induced changes


  Counter-urbanisation
• Nationally-induced changes

  Government policies
• Globally-induced changes

  • Climate change
  • Pandemics
• The nature of a place

  Affects the type of work on offer
• Type of work on offer


  Affects the type of employee required
• Reading


  • Professional people living there
• Middlesbrough


  • Manual workers living there
• Economic activity and job type vary from place to place within the UK
• The structure of the local economy can affect the characteristics of a place
• Characteristics affected by the structure of the local economy

  • The income of the locals
  • The lifestyle of individuals and communities
  • The perception of a place
• The Four Economic Sectors

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
• Primary Sector

  • Collection of raw materials (mining) and producing good crops (farming)
  • Mainly located in rural areas
  • Tends to be low-paid, manual work
• Secondary Sector

  • Manufacturing of raw materials into a finished product (car manufacturer)
  • More regular income than the more seasonal primary jobs
  • More secondary employment is located in northern cities - Sheffield, Middlesbrough
  • These sectors have declined over time
• Tertiary Sector

  • Providing a service (education, sales)
  • Private (retail ) or public sector (government department)
  • Concentrated in urban areas
  • Wages vary from cleaners on minimum wage to highly paid professionals like doctors
• Quaternary Sector

  • Providing specialist services in finance, law, hi-tech industries, and research and development
  • Requires a highly educated workforce
  • Mainly located in London and the South East
  • The fastest-growing sector in the UK
• Changes in a place's main economic industrial sector over time

  1. Pre-industrial: Majority in primary sector, small percentage in secondary

  2. Industrial: Decline in primary sector due to mechanisation of farming, increase in secondary employment

  3. Post-industrial: Decrease in secondary jobs due to movement of factories overseas, increase in tertiary and quaternary industries
• The UK has followed the expected trends in the Clark-Fisher Model
• Employment types

  • Full-time (35+ hours per week) or part-time (less than 35 hours per week)
  • Temporary or permanent
  • Employed or self-employed
• Ways a place can be defined by economic activity and people's employment


  • A less successful place with economically inactive people
  • A place with low levels of economic growth with people on temporary, part-time or 'zero hours' contracts
  • A rural place with lots of seasonal work
  • A place with a higher percentage of self-employed people
• Quality-of-life indices reflect the inequalities in pay levels across economic sectors
• Families with a low income

  Rank as having a lower quality of life than richer families
• Income inequality
• Inequalities in pay levels


  Are linked to differences in the type of employment
• The use of food banks has increased by 50% over the last 4 years, as people on casual contracts struggle with the rising cost of living
• Managers and professionals

  Are more highly paid than manual workers
• Low-level tertiary workers

  Will get lower pay than more skilled workers, who have more qualifications
• Jobs may be seasonal and insecure


  Compared with manufacturing and higher-level service
• The top ten percent of workers earned around £62,583 a year (2022)
• The bottom ten percent of full-time workers earned an average of £19,403 a year (2002)
• Around 3% of the population is on zero-hour contracts, which can increase the chance of going into debt
• There are huge differences in income and cost of living, both locally and nationally
• London and the South East are more expensive to live in than the rest of the UK
• Jobs offers in London often have the ‘London allowance’ to help make up for the higher prices of goods and service
• Items contributing to quality of life

  • Goods - house, furniture, food, electrical items
  • Services - transport, leisure, utilities
• Quality of life indices