DRRR

• Emergency preparedness refers to the actions, plans, and measures taken to prepare for and respond to emergencies or disasters effectively
• Ground shaking refers to the movement or vibration of earth’s surface caused by various natural or human-induced factors
• Ground rupture occurs when the Earth's surface breaks or ruptures along a fault line during an earthquake
• Ground rupture can result in visible displacement of the ground, with one side of the fault moving relative to the other
• Ground rupture is a visible manifestation of the release of tectonic stresses accumulated along the fault over time
• Ground rupture can cause significant damage to infrastructure, buildings, and natural landscapes, especially in areas where fault lines are close to the surface
• Ground rupture is one of the primary indicators used by geologists to study past earthquakes and assess seismic hazards in active fault zones
• Ground displacement refers to the movement or shifting of the Earth's surface relative to a reference point, typically caused by tectonic forces during earthquakes or other geological processes
• Ground displacement can manifest as horizontal movement along fault lines, vertical uplift or subsidence, or a combination of both
• Ground displacement is measured using various techniques such as GPS, satellite imagery, or ground-based surveys
• Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which saturated soil temporarily loses its strength and stiffness during strong ground shaking, such as during an earthquake
• Flow liquefaction is the phenomenon in which the static equilibrium is destroyed
• Earthquake-induced landslides are the movement or displacement of soil and rocks downslope triggered by an earthquake
• Ground oscillation occurs on flat terrain in response to inertial force acting on decoupled soil materials above or within the liquefied zone
• Socio-economic factors include income, education, employment, community safety, and social support
• A disaster on society refers to a significant event or series of events that cause widespread harm, damage, or disruption to a community or population
• Profound environmental effects of disasters

  • Habitat Destruction
  • Pollution
  • Deforestation
  • Loss of Agricultural Land
  • Water Contamination
  • Disruption of Coastal Areas
• Impacts of hazards

  • Health impacts
  • Economic impacts
  • Physical impacts
  • Environmental impacts
  • Biological impacts
  • Socio-cultural impacts
• Economic impacts of hazards

  • Infrastructure
  • Agriculture
  • Tourism
  • Industry
• Natural disasters like earthquakes or hurricanes can cause extensive damage to buildings, roads, and utilities, resulting in repair and reconstruction costs
• Natural disasters can disrupt supply chains, leading to production delays and increased prices for goods and services
• Natural disasters can impact tourism revenue due to damage to attractions or a decline in visitor numbers
• The physical impact of a hazard can vary depending on its nature. Hazards like earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes can cause structural damage to buildings, infrastructure, and land, leading to injuries or fatalities
• Other hazards like chemical spills or radiation leaks can directly harm people's health or the environment
• It's essential to assess and mitigate impacts of hazards to minimize harm
• The environmental impact of a hazard can be significant and wide-ranging. For example, natural hazards like wildfires can lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of habitat for wildlife
• Chemical spills can contaminate soil and water, harming ecosystems and affecting biodiversity
• Events like volcanic eruptions can release harmful gases and ash into the atmosphere, impacting air quality and climate
• The biological impact of hazards refers to the effects on living organisms, including humans, animals, and plants. Hazards such as chemical spills, radiation leaks, or disease outbreaks can directly harm human health, leading to injuries, illnesses, or fatalities
• Hazards can affect ecosystems, causing disruptions in food chains, habitat destruction, or loss of biodiversity
• The socio-cultural impact of hazards encompasses the effects on societal structures, values, and norms. Hazards can disrupt communities' social fabric, causing changes in behavior, relationships, and cultural practices
• Natural disasters can lead to the displacement of communities, resulting in the loss of traditional ways of life and cultural heritage
• Hazards can strain social cohesion and exacerbate existing tensions within communities, leading to conflicts or social unrest
• A seismograph is a device that detects and records ground motion, especially seismic waves from earthquakes
• The hypocenter, also known as the focus, is the underground point where an earthquake originates. It's the exact location within the Earth's crust where the energy release begins, causing seismic waves to propagate outward
• When two or more lithospheric plates collide, it refers to the geological process where the edges of the plates come into contact and interact. This collision can result in various outcomes such as the formation of mountain ranges, subduction zones, volcanic activity, earthquakes, and crustal deformation
• If indoors during an earthquake, follow the "Drop, Cover, and Hold On" protocol: drop to the ground, take cover under a sturdy piece of furniture, like a table or desk, and hold on until the shaking stops. Avoid running outside, stay away from windows, and be prepared for aftershocks. Once the shaking stops, check for hazards and evacuate the building if necessary, taking care to watch for falling debris
• Vertical displacement


  Movement of the Earth's surface in a vertical direction relative to a reference point. This movement can occur as uplift, where the ground is raised upward, or subsidence, where the ground sinks or lowers downward
• Horizontal displacement is a ground rupture
• Vertical displacement


  Movement of the Earth's surface in a vertical direction relative to a reference point, can occur as uplift or subsidence