Cardiovascular

• What is the function of Cardiovascular system

  pump blood to circulate

  transport nutrients and gases
• Parts of Cardiovascular system

  heart, blood vessels= arteries, capillaries, veins
• What are the 2 divisions of the cardiovascular system

  Pulmonary: heart--> pump artery-->lungs-->palm veins--> heart

  Systemic: Heart--> aorta-->body-->vena cava-->heart
• Precise location of heart

  mediastinum
• The heart is enclosed by a double layered..?

  Pericardium
• What is the function of the fluid in the pericardial sac

  reduce friction
• Epicardium


  outermost layer of heart

  fx: cardiac repair
• Myocardium


  Cardiac muscle
• Endocardium


  inner

  purkinje fubers
• Fibrous pericardium


  protect and anchor and prevent heart from overflowing
• Parietal pericardium


  filled with serous fluid to reduce friction
• Coronary blood vessels


  main blood supply to heart
• Chambers of heart

  Atria= receiving

  Ventricles= pumping L>R
• What vessel takes blood to the right atrium

  superior vena cava
• what vessel takes blood to the left atrium

  pulmonary veins
• Trace the path of blood through the heart

  Body-vena cava-right atrium-Tricuspid-Right ventricle-pulmonary valve-pulmonary artery-lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium-bicuspid-left ventricle--aortic valve-aorta-body
• What is the function of the valves


  to keep blood flowing in one direction
• What events make up a cardiac cycle

  atrial contraction

  ventricular contraction
• what produces the heart sounds

  Atrioventricular valves closing
• functional syncytium

  mass of merging cells that contract
• Atrial syncytium


  contract atria
• ventricular syncytium


  contact ventricles
• Pressure changes

  Atria relaxed= pressure increases as it fills with blood

  Atria contract= forces remaining blood into ventricles.
• Trace the impulse through the cardiac conduction

  SA node- pacemaker

  Atrial syncytium- Atrial contraction

  Av node- impulse delayed to allow atria to fully contract

  Av bundle

  purkinje fibers
• how is a cardiac impulse initiated

  SA Node
• What is an electrocardiogram

  record electrical changes during cardiac cycle
• describe how sympathetic and parasympathetic systems regulate heart functions

  S- norepinephrine= HR increase

  p- Acetylcholine= decreases HR
• baroreceptor reflex


  detect stretching in vessel walls
• describe the closed circuit formed by blood vessels

  starts and ends at the heart
• how is the structure of arteriole different than artery

  arterioles link with cappilarries = gas exchnage\
• artery


  thick walls; 3 layers

  bring blood away from heart
• vasoconstriction and vasodilations

  VC: reduce diamter= decreases blood flow

  VD: more diameter more flow
• capillaries


  smallest

  gas exchange
• what determines density

  metabolism
• transport mechanisms in capillaries

  filtration, osmosis, diffusion
• veins


  thinner layers
• What is a pulse


  surge of blood
• Heart action

  cardiac outputs
• Blood volume

  varies with age, size, gender, physiology state
• Peripheral resistance

  higher residence and high bp