Social class + achievement

• Rosenthal + Jacobson (self-fulfilling prophecy) :

  • Internal factor
  • Teacher labels
  • Teacher treats pupil accordingly
  • Pupil internalises expectation + it becomes part of their identity + become the label
• Dunne + Glazeley (Labelling) :

  • Internal factor
  • Argue working class underachieve due to teacher labelling
  • Found teachers normalised underachievement
• Becker (Labelling):

  • Internal factor
  • Found teachers look for their ideal pupil
  • Usually middle class pupil
• Hampel-Jorgensen (criticism Becker) :

  • Notion of ideal didn't always include class
  • Could be based on discipline, academic ability + personality
• Howard (material deprivation) :

  • External factor
  • Young people from poorer homes = lower intake energy, vitamins + minerals
  • Affecting attention + attendance
• Bernstein + Young (Cultural capital) :

  • External factors
  • Found middle class mothers more likely to invest in educational toys, books + activities that stimulated intellectual skills
• Sugarman (deferred gratification) :

  • External factors
  • Parents waited for qualifications + endured poverty striken lives + waited for rewards
  • Instils patience into Middle Class children
  • Helps maintain their focus + commitment at school
• Blackstone + Mortimore:

  • External factors
  • Suggest working class parents show less attendance in parents evenings because of longer working hours rather than lack of interest
• Feinstein:

  • External factors
  • Supports BOURDIEU with idea that middle class parents have higher expectations + more consistent discipline
  • Working class parents emphasise behaviour that discourages independence
• Bourdieu (Cultural deprivation) :

  • Left wing
  • External factors
  • Concept of habitus
  • The norms, values, attitudes + behaviours of a certain group
• Evans (class identities + school) :

  • Internal factor
  • Many more WC people go to university
  • However reluctant to apply for top unis
  • Low self esteem + feel won't fit in
• Hargreaves (pupil subcultures) :

  • Internal factor
  • Found lower streams = delinquent subculture
  • Guaranteed educational underachievement