Kelly vid

• What are the six key words used to group hazards?

  Causes, disaster, risk, vulnerability, perception, responses
• What are geophysical hazards caused by?

  Land movements
• How is hazard risk defined?

  Likelihood of people being affected
• What does vulnerability refer to in the context of hazards?

  Population's susceptibility to hazards
• How does perception affect responses to hazards?

  People's circumstances influence their views
• What is a fatalism approach to hazards?

  Accepting hazards cannot be avoided
• What is risk sharing in the context of hazards?

  Sharing costs to reduce hazards' impacts
• What factors influence human responses to hazards?

  Incident frequency, power, and development level
• What is the theory of plate tectonics?

  Lithosphere divided into tectonic plates
• What evidence supports the theory of continental drift?

  Fossil remains and matching rock types
• What are convection currents in plate tectonics?

  Movement of magma due to heat differences
• What are the four layers of the Earth?

  Core, outer core, mantle, crust
• How does continental crust differ from oceanic crust?

  Continental is thicker and less dense
• What happens at a constructive plate margin?

  Plates move apart, creating new landforms
• What landforms can result from a constructive margin?

  Ocean ridges and rift valleys
• What is a destructive margin?

  Where one plate subducts under another
• What landforms are associated with destructive margins?

  Fold mountains and deep sea trenches
• What occurs during oceanic to oceanic convergence?

  Formation of island arcs and deep sea trenches
• What happens during continental to continental convergence?

  Formation of fold mountains and earthquakes
• What characterizes a conservative margin?

  Plates slide past each other without subduction
• What are magma plumes?

  Columns of hot magma rising from the mantle
• What does the park model illustrate?

  Stages of disaster response and recovery
• What are the five main stages of the park model?

  Normal conditions, disruption, relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction
• What is a limitation of the park model?

  Assumes all areas can afford improvements
• What does the hazard management cycle consist of?

  Four parts: mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery
• What are primary volcanic hazards?

  Immediate effects like pyroclastic flows
• What are secondary volcanic hazards?

  Effects that occur after the eruption
• How can hazards be classified?

  By magnitude, frequency, and predictability
• What is the difference between short-term and long-term responses to hazards?

  Short-term occurs immediately; long-term follows
• What is Mount Pinatubo known for?

  Largest eruption in 50 years
• What were the impacts of the Mount Pinatubo eruption?

  350 deaths and 80,000 hectares buried
• What is a significant critique of the responses to the Mount Pinatubo eruption?

  Lack of preparation despite geological evidence
• What is strain energy in the context of earthquakes?

  Energy built up from tectonic plate movement
• What is the epicenter of an earthquake?

  Point directly above the focus
• What factors affect the nature of earthquakes?

  Type of margin, rate of movement, depth of focus
• What has geological evidence shown about past volcanic eruptions?

  They erupted violently in the past
• How have local people been let down regarding volcanic eruptions?

  No preparation was made for eruptions
• What does the hazard management cycle indicate about planning and responses?

  Later steps were not effectively implemented
• What is the key term associated with the point directly above an earthquake's focus?

  Epicenter
• What factors affect the nature of earthquakes?

  Type of margin, rate of movement, depth