Circulatory System

• In an open system, fluid is circulated through an open body chamber
• Open systems are primarily found in invertebrates like arthropods and mollusks
• In a closed system, fluid is circulated through blood vessels
• Closed systems are primarily found in vertebrates and some invertebrates like earthworm
• The circulatory system is responsible for the transport of fluids and formed elements in the body
• The blood is a connective tissue in humans and other that transport oxygen and other dissolved compounds in the body
• Red Blood Cells/Erythrocytes are a type of cell that has no nucleus and DNA
• Red blood cells has a special type of protein known as hemoglobin that gives the RBC its red pigment and the ability to hold oxygen molecules
• Red blood cells have a fixed shape: circular, flattened biconcave disc
• The red blood cell's major function is to distribute oxygen and CO2 from lungs to body tissues
• Blood cells and platelets are formed in the red bone marrow
• Hematopoiesis: production of blood cells
• White Blood Cells/Leukocytes are responsible in keeping the body healthy by fighting diseases
• White blood cells are larger and fewer than RBC and has a nucleus and irregular shape
• White blood cell is colorless and does not contain hemoglobin
• Lymphocytes: type of WBC that has a large nucleus and a small portion of non-granular cytoplasm
• Lymphocytes produce antibodies that protect the body from disease-causing microbes
• Phagocytes ingest foreign particles such as bacteria
• Phagocytes have a lobed nucleus and a granular cytoplasm
• Platelets also known as thrombocytes are responsible for blood clotting through the process of hemostasis
• Hemostasis:

  damaged cells and platelets release thrombokinase > converts prothrombin to thrombin > converts fibrinogen into threads of fibrin
• Hemostasis stops the bleeding
• Plasma is the yellowish non-living component of the blood
• 55% of the total blood volume is plasma
• Blood groups are classified based on the types of antigens and antibodies present in your blood
• Antigen - same as name

  Antibody - opposite of antigen
• ABO Blood Group

  A) B

  B) A

  C) A

  D) B

  E) none

  F) AB

  G) AB

  H) none

  
• Bloods are grouped together for the purpose of transfusion
• Any incompatibility of blood types may result to the death of the patient due to blood agglutination
• Most common blood group

  Rhesus blood group
• Rh Positive

  • don't have anti-Rh antibodies
  • can accept positive and negative
• Rh Negative

  • should stick to negative blood
• Blood vessels are channels that transport blood throughout the body
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• Arteries have a thick and elastic wall to withstand blood pressure
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary artery
• Largest Artery

  Aorta
• Largest Vein

  Vena Cava
• Pulmonary Vein is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood
• Veins carry blood towards the heart