path of proteins increases/decreases

• albumin

  1. Decreased in Liver disease except viral hepatitis 
  2. Decreased in diseases of intestinal mucosa, renal disease, and genetic analbuminemia (3)
• albumin is increased in dehydration
• SPEP findings

  • Immune disease - 
  • marked increase in y-globulins
  • decrease in a-2 and b globulins (2)
  • marked decrease in a-1 antitrypsin, so a-1 band will be markedly decreased
• SPEP findings:

  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Decrease in albumin, excreted in urine
  • Increase in a-2 and b globulins (2)
  • Biggest increase in a-2 globulins
• SPEP findings

  • Inflammation
  • Chronic - see increase in density of all bands; percentages may not be much different, but peaks on densitometer readings will be higher 
  • Increase in total proteins, so quantities of individual bands will be greater
• SPEP findings

  • Acute inflammation - 
  • decrease in albumin
  • increase in a-1 and a-2 globulins (2)
  • b-globulins and y-globulins may be increased or normal (2)
• SPEP findings

  • Liver disease - generally, decrease in albumin and increase in y-globulins
• SPEP findings

  • Cirrhosis
  • Beta-gamma bridge
• SPEP findings

  Obstructive jaundice

  • Increase in acute phase reactants
• a-1 antitrypsin is decreased in severe juvenile hepatic cirrhosis and severe emphysema (2)
• haptoglobin is decreased in red cell trauma and intravascular hemolysis (2)
• a-1 fetoprotein - preggo people

  increased in spina bifida, neural tube defects, GI malformation, general fetal distress, twins (5)
• a-1 fetoprotein - preggo people

  decreased values are associated with trisomy 18, down syndrome (2)
• a-1 fetoprotein non preggo (AFP tumor marker)

  increased in hepatic cancer and gonadal tumors (2)
• prealbumin

  • increased in nephrotic syndrome and cortisone and estrogen therapy (2)
  • decreased in burns (2nd and 3rd degree major burns), malnutrition, and excess aspirin use (3)
• a-1 antitrypsin is increased in inflammatory reactions, pregnancy, contraceptive use (3)
• a-1 acid glycoprotein

  • Increased is seen in inflammation, cancer, pregnancy, trauma, burns, and rheumatoid arthritis (6)
  • decreased: no significance
• a-1 antichymotrypsin

  increase in inflammation and in inflammatory diseases (2)

  Can be decreased in liver disease and asthma (2)
• inter-a-trypsin inhibitor is increased in inflammation
• Gc-globulin

  • increased in third trimester of pregnancy and estrogen oral contraceptives (2)
  • decreased in severe liver disease and protein losing syndromes (2)
• haptoglobins

  • Increased in inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, burns, and nephrotic syndrome (4)
• ceruloplasmin

  decreased in Wilson's disease

  increased in inflammation, pregnancy, certain cancers, oral estrogen therapy, contraceptive use (5)
• a-2 macroglobulin

  • Increased: pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome (3)
  • Decreased: rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma (2)
• transferrin

  increased in pregnancy and IDA (2)

  decreased in liver disease, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome, and inflammation (4)
• hemopexin

  increased in pregnancy, muscular dystrophy, some cancers (3)

  decreased in hemolytic disorders
• B2-microglobulin

  increased in HIV patient w/o kidney disease: lymphocyte destruction

  increased: impairment of kidney clearance, inflammatory diseases, some neoplasms (3)
• complement

  increased: inflammatory response

  decreased: malnutrition, lupus, DIC (3)
• CRP

  • Increased: infections, inflammation, stimulation of tissue factor for coagulation, activation of complement, and binds LDL in atherosclerotic plaque (5)
• reasons for hyperproteinemia

  • dehydration, infections, disorders of excessive production
• reasons for hypoproteinemia

  • protein loss
  • inadequate intake
  • decreased synthesis
• Protein loss causes - renal disease, leakage in GI tract, blood loss in wounds (3)
• inadequate intake - diet, damage to GI tract (2)
• Decreased synthesis - liver disease, inherited immunodeficiency disorder (2)
• Accelerated catabolism - burns, trauma (2)