Classical Conditioning

• Who first described classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov
• In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus
• The conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response similar to the original unconditioned response.
• What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's example with food and salivation?

  Salivation
• After repeated pairings, the bell becomes the conditioned stimulus, eliciting salivation
• Steps in classical conditioning using Pavlov's example

  1️⃣ US: Food → UR: Salivation

  2️⃣ NS + US: Bell + Food → Salivation

  3️⃣ CS: Bell → CR: Salivation
• Expectation is a key mental process influenced by classical conditioning.
• What role does attention play in classical conditioning according to cognitive psychology?

  Focus on reliable predictors
• Classical conditioning influences how associations are stored and retrieved in memory
• Contingency in classical conditioning refers to the perceived relationship between events.
• How is classical conditioning used in cognitive therapy to treat phobias?

  Restructure learned associations
• Who developed Classical Conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov
• Pavlov was the first Russian to win the Nobel Prize in Medicine
• Pavlov's original research was conducted on dogs.
• Which American behaviorist applied Classical Conditioning to humans?

  John B. Watson
• Pavlov's work led to the development of the Behaviorist school in Psychology.
• Classical Conditioning studies behavior as a response to external stimuli.
• What is one example of a natural, unconditioned response?

  Laughing when tickled
• An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR), while a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response.
• Steps in Classical Conditioning

  1️⃣ Pair a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

  2️⃣ After conditioning, the NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)

  3️⃣ The CS produces a conditioned response (CR)
• Conditioned responses feel artificial to the person experiencing them.

  False
• What is the process called when a conditioned stimulus no longer produces a conditioned response?

  Extinction
• After extinction, a conditioned response can reappear through a process called spontaneous recovery.
• Stimulus generalization occurs when stimuli similar to the CS also produce the CR.
• Why is stimulus generalization important?

  Applies learning to similar contexts
• Extinction can be prevented by repeatedly pairing the CS with the old UCS.
• Watson and Rayner's "Baby Albert" study demonstrated that phobias can be learned through Classical Conditioning.
• What was used as the UCS in the "Baby Albert" study?

  A loud noise
• David H. Barlow's study successfully changed the sexual orientation of exclusively homosexual men.

  False
• In Barlow's study, disgusting imagery was used as the UCS.
• What did patients report feeling after Barlow's treatment?

  Traumatized and violated
• Essential behaviors like homosexuality cannot be modified by conditioning.
• Cognitions like love can influence human sexual attraction.
• What is aversion therapy based on?

  Classical Conditioning
• Match the term with its description:

  Antabuse ↔️ A drug used in aversion therapy

  Covert sensitisation ↔️ Uses aversive imagery

  George Best ↔️ A famous footballer treated with Antabuse
• Aversion therapy is no longer used on alcoholics.

  False
• What is the goal of systematic desensitization?

  To reduce phobias
• Steps in systematic desensitization

  1️⃣ Create a hierarchy of feared situations

  2️⃣ Associate each stage with relaxation

  3️⃣ Gradually progress through the hierarchy

  4️⃣ Replace fear with relaxation
• Counterconditioning involves replacing anxiety with relaxation.
• In systematic desensitization, the phobia is treated as a conditioned response.