Pavlov

• What Nobel Prize-winning field was Ivan Pavlov interested in?

  The workings of the brain
• Pavlov's research established psychology as a scientific discipline by observing behavior objectively.
• Pavlov's work is associated with the behaviorist school of psychology, which regards all behavior as conditioned responses
• Why is Pavlov's research significant for students of psychology?

  It combines physiology and psychology
• Pavlov's work illustrates the overlap between the learning approach and the biological approach
• What methodological issue arises from Pavlov's animal research?

  Low ecological validity
• Pavlov used a bell as a neutral stimulus in his experiments.

  False
• What theory did Pavlov use to justify his research on dogs instead of humans?

  Theory of Evolution
• Pavlov argued that humans are a particular type of animal
• What term did Pavlov use to describe involuntary behaviors passed down through a species?

  Reflexes
• Reflexes alone are sufficient for survival in the wild.

  False
• Pavlov believed that learning involves applying reflexes to new problems and situations
• What did Pavlov emphasize as an essential part of scientific research?

  Objectivity
• Pavlov believed that standardized procedures are necessary for research to be scientifically credible
• Why did Pavlov use artificial research conditions in his experiments?

  To study reflexes objectively
• Pavlov chose dogs for his research because they are higher animals with complex brains
• What method did Pavlov use to measure the salivary reflex in dogs accurately?

  Surgery
• Pavlov's research was disrupted by dogs salivating before food was presented.
• Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of footsteps, demonstrating that learning can occur through association
• What was the aim of Pavlov's study on dogs?

  To study reflexive behavior through learning
• Pavlov used a repeated measures design in his study.
• What was the independent variable in Pavlov's study?

  The conditioning process
• Pavlov's dependent variable was the number of drops of saliva
• What type of stimulus did Pavlov use to condition the dogs in his study?

  Neutral stimulus
• Pavlov used a bell as a neutral stimulus in his conditioning experiments.

  False
• Steps in Pavlov's conditioning procedure

  1️⃣ Present food (UCS) to the dog, causing salivation (UCR)

  2️⃣ Present neutral stimulus (NS), which does not cause salivation

  3️⃣ Pair the NS with the UCS repeatedly

  4️⃣ Present the NS alone, which now causes salivation (CR)
• What did Pavlov call the response that occurs after conditioning to a neutral stimulus?

  Conditioned response
• Pavlov's research led to the discovery of classical conditioning
• Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to eat food after hearing a sound.

  False
• What ethical concerns arise from Pavlov's treatment of dogs in his research?

  Lack of humane conditions
• Animal research today requires that animals are kept in humane conditions
• Where can one see one of Pavlov's stuffed dogs?

  The Pavlov Museum in Russia
• Nikolai Krasnogorsky replicated Pavlov's methods on orphaned children.
• Krasnogorsky measured salivation in children by fitting drip-tubes to their throats
• What is the main problem with generalizing Pavlov's findings from dogs to humans?

  Differences in brain complexity
• Humans are primarily motivated by finding food, according to Pavlov's theory.

  False
• Pavlov's research is reliable because it uses standardized procedures
• What type of reliability is demonstrated by different researchers observing the same dogs and measuring saliva?

  Inter-rater reliability
• Aversion therapy, inspired by Pavlov's work, is always successful in treating addictions.

  False
• Pavlov's conclusions are scientifically credible because of the objective and controlled conditions