Module 1

• Complex dynamic tissue response to damaging (also called noxious) stimuli

  Inflammation
• (signs of inflammation)This is due to hyperemia

  Redness
• (signs of inflammation)due to increase in blood flow

  Heat
• (signs of inflammation)due to increase in vascular permeability

  Swelling
• (signs of inflammation)due to stimulation of local pain receptors

  Pain
• Inflammation can occur on non vascularized tissue(true or false)

  False
• 2 components of innate non immunological response

  Vascular and Cellular events
• there's a considerable overlap between the vascular and cellular changes

  True
• this contains salt and high concentration of proteins including immunoglobulins

  fluid
• This is predominant in serous exudates

  fluid
• This is predominant in fibrinous exudates

  fibrin
• This is predominant in purulent exudates

  neutrophils
• what is the nutrition of macrophage

  Glucose and oxygen
• for buffering and dilution

  fluid and salts
• these acts as osponins

  Immunoglobulinss
• Summary of vascular events
• what are the cells involve in inflammation that is present in tissues

  mast cells

  vascular endothelial cells

  tissue macrophage
• what are the cells from the blood that gain access to the tissues

  Platelets

  PMN's

  Mononuclear cells
• this mediate cellular adhesions to vascular wall or other tissue components

  Intercellular adhesion molecules
• these chemical mediator both induce vascular relaxation and inhibit platelet aggregation

  Nitric oxide and Prostacyclin
• enumerate chemical mediators that causes vasoconstiction(EPPTAS)
• True or false.Neutrophils and other blood cells adhere to the endothelium only when endothelial cells are activated.

  True
• •Morphologically similar to basophils

  •Found in tissue rather than circulating blood

  •Contains surface receptor for IgE and complement components C3a and C5a

  •When activated, secretes histamine and other inflammatory mediators

  Mast cells
• (Tissue macrophage)Skin

  Langerhans cells
• (Tissue macrophage)Connective tissue


  histiocytes
• (Tissue macrophage)brain

  microglial cells
• (Tissue macrophage)Liver

  Kupffer cells
• (Tissue macrophage)bone

  osteoclast
• (Tissue macrophage)Lungs

  alveolar macrophage
• •Primary role is for coagulation•Play part in inflammation by generating

  ✔Thromboxane A2

  ✔Platelet-activating factor

  ✔Free radical

  ✔Pro-inflammatory cationic proteinsPlatelet derived growth factor

  Platelets
• what are examples of the pmns

  Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
• ✔Ability to move actively (chemotaxis) from vessel to damage tissue

  ✔Phagocytosis

  ✔Bacterial killing

  ✔Formation of inflammatory mediators

  Neutrophils
• ✔Capacities similar with neutrophils

  ✔Release number of potent granules (cationic proteins, peroxidase, neurotoxin, eosinophil major basic protein) damaging multicellular parasites

  Eosinophils
• ✔Similar with mast cells

  Basophil
• Adhere to endothelium and migrate into damage tissue in response to chemotaxic substance (chemokines)

  Monocytes/macrophage
• •Binding of macrophage to bacterial lipopolysaccharide generate and release what that act on vascular endothelial cells resulting to:

  Cytokines
• Generate kinins, serotonin which stimulate the release of neuropeptides


  neurokinin A and substance P
• Specialized lymphocytes active in non-immunological reactions

  Natural Killer Cells
• these are normally present in cells and inhibit natural killer cells

  MHC molecules
• (MIGRATION OF LEUKOCYTES)stick to endothelial cells

  migration