Paleon

• Dominated by trilobites and other arthropods. Also inarticulate brachiopods and hyolithids.Fauna is predominantly based on mud eating and most animals live on the sediment surface

  Cambrian fauna
• A multiple event again. Most important on land, where floral overturn exceeded 95%. Around 30% of marine species became extinct, mainly reef-dwellers including ceratite ammonites, brachiopods, and

  bivalves

  End of Triassic
• collapsed burrow or trace formed on the bed surface


  Semirelief
• This ichnofacies is generally developed in shallow near-shore environment. It is typical of higher energy conditions associated with well-sorted, shifting sands.

  Skolithos ichnofacies
• Ichnofacies reflects shallow water, lower energy conditions between the outer edge of the surf zone and storm wave base

  Cruziana ichnofacies
• study of spores and pollen.

  Palynology
• defined as encompassing all rocks formed within certain time spans of Earth history regardless of their compositions or properties.

  Chronostratigraphic units
• ▫ means 'isolated in time,’ this is a mechanism that prevents species from mating because they breed at different times

  Temporal Isolation
• Habitat isolation occurs when two species that could interbreed cannot they live in different locations
• Is based on the ratio of carbon 14 to carbon 12 ang is generally used to date once-living material


  Carbon 14 dating
• Lithostratigraphic Units: a body of rock that consists dominantly of a certain lithologic type or combination of types or has other unifying lithologic features.the critical requirement is a substantial degree of overall homogeneity. (Arrangement ani nila)


  Group-Formation-Members-Beds/Flows
• The first bird occured in what period in the Geologic Time scale?

  Triassic
• In fossilization , what is an important factor in controlling the degree of preservation?

  Burial
• True-form fossils are organisms that are preserved entirely in the natural form.Which of the following is an agent in the formation of true-form fossils?

  Amber
• There are 3 grades of the Sponge's internal organization. Which grade has several chambers that open onto a central large paragaster?

  Sycon-grade
• Speciation is a term that is defined as an evolution of new species. There are 5 factors responsible foe speciation. Reproductive Isolation is one of them.Which Reproductive isolation, is an isolation that occurs when two species that could interbreed do not because the species live in different area?


  Habitat Isolation
• In Geologic time scale, what Period did the earliest land animals appear?

  Silurian
• What Phylum do Corals belong to ?

  Cnidaria
• Holothurians are also known as?

  Sea Cocumber
• The Cnidarians are phylum that includes the following except..

  . A.Jellyfish.

  . B.Starfish.

  . C.Corals

  . D. Sea anemones

  B.STARFISH
• Arises when a significant number of individuals in a population die or are otherwise prevented from breeding, resulting in adrastic decrease in the size of the population.

  A. Survival of the Fittest

  B. Mutation

  C. Population bottleneck

  D. Extinction

  C. Population bottleneck
• Reproductive Isolation is a Speciation factor .Which of the following Reproductive Isolation mean "isolation in time"

  A. Geographical Isolation

  B. Habitat isolation

  C. Behavioral isolation

  D. Temporal isolation

  D. Temporal isolation
• The trilobites took their dominants during this period?

  A.Devonian

  B. Silurian

  C. Ordovician

  D. Cambrian

  D. Cambrian
• This Proterozoic eon means ...?

  A. Recent life

  B. Visible life

  C. Current life

  D. Early life

  D. Early life
• , are also known as flowering plants and having seeds enclosed within their fruit.


  Angiosperms
• Plant-like protists are called 


  Algae
• Earliest animal fossil


  Stromatolites
• first animals appeared in what period

  Devonian
• Cratonic sequenc

  A. Tejas B. Kaskaskia

  C. Zuni

  D. Sauk

  
  

  D. Sauk
• A craton is a part of a continent that is stable and forms the central mass of the continent. This craton region includes the region between the Rocky Mountains (to the west) and the Appalachian Mountains (to the east)

  A. South America craton

  B. North Atlantic craton

  C. North America craton

  D. South Atlantic craton

  C. North America craton
• Mass extinction of branchiopods

  Permian period
• The decline of many marine organisms during the Ordovician period is attributed to glaciation
• The end-Triassic extinction event was caused by massive volcanism, resulting in climate change and environmental stressors such as increased UV radiation and toxic gases.
• The Permian extinction event was caused by volcanic activity, which led to global warming and ocean acidification.
• The end-Permanian extinction event was caused by a combination of factors including volcanic eruptions, sea level changes, and anoxic events.
• The Permian–Triassic extinction event occurred approximately 250 million years ago and resulted in the loss of over 90% of all species on Earth.
• The end-Permanian extinction event, also known as the Great Dying, occurred about 252 million years ago and led to the extinction of up to 96% of all marine species and 70% of land species.
• The KT boundary marks the transition from the Mesozoic Era to the Cenozoic Era, and it coincides with the extinction of dinosaurs and other large reptiles.
• The Chicxulub crater, located off the coast of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, is believed to be the site of the asteroid impact that caused the KT boundary mass extinction.
• The mesozoic saw a general replacement of brachiopods by bivalves