special topics

• mixture of gases that surrounds earth. helps life possible by providing air to breath, shield us from harmful ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun, trapping heat to warm the planet, and prevent extreme temperature difference between day and night

  Atmosphere
• what are the Layers of the Earth?

  troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
• has dramatic weather change; lower boundary of stratosphere TROPOPAUSE; upper boundary STRATOPAUSE

  TROPOSPHERE
• it is where ozone layer is found, has a max level 25km(15mi); ozone concentration is 10 ppm every 1million molecule, 10 are ozone

  STRATOSPHERE
• it is where ozone layer is found, has a max level --- ---; ozone concentration is ----- every ---million molecule, --- are ozone

  25km(15mi), 10ppm, 1, 10
• middle, highest layer of the atmosphere which gases are mixed up rather than layered by mass

  MESOSPHERE
• it is very hot, Temperature up to 2000 degree celcius (3632 degreee fahrenheit). Has little gas. there is a high amount of x-ray and UV radiation here, since this layer absorbs those from the sun

  THERMOSPHERE
• has extreme ultraviolet and solar radiation ionizes the atom and molecules thus creating a layer of electron. it is also important because it reflects and modifies radio waves used for communication and navigation

  IONOSPHERE
• IT IS A WEAKLY IONISED GAS EXISTS BETWEEN THE ERTH'S ATMOSPHERE AND MAGNETOSPHERE

  IONOSPHERE
• is a chemical process by which molecular nitrogen(N2), which has strong triple covalent bond, is converted into ammonia(NH3) or related nitrogenous compounds, typically in soil or aquatic systems but also in industry.

  NITROGEN FIXATION
• in nitrogen fixation,---- ---- ---- ----, a form of nitrogen usable by plants, when animal eat plants, they acquire usable nitrogen

  BACTERIA CONVERT INTO AMMONIA
• IN THIS PROCESS, nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia(another form of nitrogen) by certain bacterial species---, -----, etc. and by other natural phenomena

  RHIZOBIUM, AZOTOBACTER
• it appears as ribbons of green and purple light streaking across the sky and reflected in the water below

  NORTHERN LIGHT (AURORA BOREALIS)
• when a solar storm comes toward us, some of the ------ and ----- --------- --- ---- --- -------- ----- ----- at the north and south pole into Earth's atmosphere.

  ENERGY, small particle can travel down the magnetic field lines
• if the particles interact with gases in our atmosphere what happens?
• what color gives off oxygen ?

  green and red
• where can we found the Southern Light? and what it is called ?

  Southern hemisphere, Aurora australis
• what is the cause of aurora australis? and what layer of the atmosphere it occur?

  it occur when oxygen atom (O) and nitrogen molecules (N2) interact with a stream of charged particles emitted by the sun
• what color cause by N2?

  blue and violet
• it is a nontoxic, nonflammale chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, fluorine. used to manufacture aerosols sprays, blowing agents for foam, and packing materials, as solvent, and as refrigerants.

  CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCs)
• its is an example of refrigerant CFC, it boils at -30 degree celcius and also known as CFC-12


  dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2CL2
• a common CFC, boils at 24 degree celcius and was once the propellant in around half of all the aerosol cans used in the world. also known as CFC-11.

  trichlorofluoromethane CFCL3
• CHLORINATED FLUOROCARBONS (CFCs) IS INVENTED IN ____ BY ______ _______ OF THE DUPENT CORPORATION

  1928, THOMAS MIDGLEY
• CONTAIN COVALENT BOND; UNREACTIVE, LAST A LONG TIME AND DON'T DECOMPOSE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. INSOLUBLE IN WATER, AND HAVE LOW MELTING POINT AND BOILING POINTS.

  CFCs
• WHAT COMPOUNDS CONTAINS CARBON, HYDROGEN, CHLORINE, AND FLUORINE?

  HCFCs
• IT IS CONSIDERED TO SOMEWHAR LESS DESTRUCTIVE TO THE ATMOSPHERE AND IT REPLACES CHLOROFLUOROCARBON AS A REFRIGERANT AND PROPELLANT IN AEROSOL CANS.

  FLUOROCARBON
• IT IS THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER THAT IS NON TOXIC,non-corrosive, and non conductor of electricity, it is highly recommended for all indoor fires such as offices, computer rooms and electronic rooms.

  HCFC-123
• occupational exposure to HCFC-123 may cause what?

  MILD REVERSIBLE HEPATOXICITY
• HOW DO VOLCANIC ERUPTION CONTRIBUTE TO OZONE DESTRUCTION?

  major volcanic eruption can inject large amount of sulfur into the stratosphere increasing the stratospheric aerosol layer for several years
• what causes the polar ozone holes?

  it occurs due to the presence of chlorine and bromine from ozone depleting substances in the stratosphere
• it is formed in the atmosphere when free chlorine atoms react with ozone.

  Chlorine monoxide (CIO)
• 1997; reduce greenhouse gases(concern is global warming) 


  kyoto protocol
• 1987; reduce use of CFCs(concern is ozone depletion)

  Montreal Protocol
• natural sources of carbon dioxide?

  volcanic eruption 0.03%, Soil respiration and decomposition 29%, ocean-atmosphere exchange 43%, plant and animal respiration 28%
• it is an essential part of a vehicles exhaust system. it helps lower the number of toxic pollutants emitted into air by converting hazardous combustion gas into less harmful substances, like water vapor and carbon dioxide

  catalytic converter
• these are the gases in the atmosphere that raise rhe surface temperature of planets such as the Earth.

  greenhouse gases
• it is the process through which heat is trapped near Earth's surface by substances known as greenhouse gases.


  greenhouse effect
• it is a land use change, which contributes 12-20% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

  deforestation
• it can corrode metals in buildings and bridges, and erode stone buildings and marble statues.

  acid rain
• give 2 causes of acid rain.

  when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide reacts