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biology paper 1
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Cards (132)
What is the basic unit of all life?
Cells
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What can be seen with a normal light microscope?
Cells
and possibly the
nucleus
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What does an electron microscope allow us to see?
Finer details of
organelles
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What is the formula for magnification?
Magnification =
image size
/
object size
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How do you calculate the actual size of a cell?
Divide image size by
magnification
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What type of cells have a nucleus?
Eukaryotic cells
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What do prokaryotic cells lack?
A
nucleus
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What do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain?
Similar organelles or subcellular structures
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
Keeps everything inside the cell
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What does semi-permeable mean in relation to the cell membrane?
Allows certain substances to pass through
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What provides a rigid structure for plant cells and most bacteria?
Cell wall made of cellulose
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What is cytoplasm?
The liquid where chemical reactions occur
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Where does respiration take place in a cell?
Mitochondria
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What is the role of ribosomes?
Assemble or synthesize proteins
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What do plant cells contain that is involved in photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
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What is stored in the permanent vacuole of plant cells?
Sap
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How do bacteria multiply?
By
binary fission
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If you start with one bacterium, how many would you have after one hour?
64
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What is the formula for calculating the number of bacteria after a certain time?
2 to the
power
of n
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What is the initial goal of the Human Genome Project?
Map out every
gene's
function
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What is a gene?
A section of DNA coding for a protein
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What is the term for all genetic material in an organism?
Genome
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What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is the
DNA
code; phenotype is expression
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What are nucleotides made from?
A
sugar
and
phosphate group
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What do A and T always match with in DNA?
Each
other
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What is the role of mRNA?
Copy
DNA
sequence to
ribosomes
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What happens to proteins after they are synthesized?
They
need to be
folded
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What can harmful mutations result in?
Proteins
that don't function properly
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What is epigenetics?
Influences
gene expression
without coding
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What are enzymes?
Biological
catalysts
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What is the lock and key principle in enzymes?
Substrate fits into the enzyme's
active site
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What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity?
The temperature at which activity is highest
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What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?
They
denature
and lose function
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What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration with
oxygen
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What is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles?
Lactic acid
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What is oxygen debt?
Need for oxygen after
anaerobic respiration
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What do yeast cells produce during anaerobic respiration?
Ethanol
and
carbon dioxide
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What is fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration
in
yeast
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What is metabolism?
Sum of all
reactions
in a
cell
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What can glucose be converted into?
Starch
,
glycogen
, and cellulose
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