biology paper 1

Cards (132)

  • What is the basic unit of all life?
    Cells
  • What can be seen with a normal light microscope?
    Cells and possibly the nucleus
  • What does an electron microscope allow us to see?
    Finer details of organelles
  • What is the formula for magnification?
    Magnification = image size / object size
  • How do you calculate the actual size of a cell?
    Divide image size by magnification
  • What type of cells have a nucleus?
    Eukaryotic cells
  • What do prokaryotic cells lack?
    A nucleus
  • What do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain?
    Similar organelles or subcellular structures
  • What is the function of the cell membrane?
    Keeps everything inside the cell
  • What does semi-permeable mean in relation to the cell membrane?
    Allows certain substances to pass through
  • What provides a rigid structure for plant cells and most bacteria?
    Cell wall made of cellulose
  • What is cytoplasm?
    The liquid where chemical reactions occur
  • Where does respiration take place in a cell?
    Mitochondria
  • What is the role of ribosomes?
    Assemble or synthesize proteins
  • What do plant cells contain that is involved in photosynthesis?
    Chloroplasts
  • What is stored in the permanent vacuole of plant cells?
    Sap
  • How do bacteria multiply?
    By binary fission
  • If you start with one bacterium, how many would you have after one hour?
    64
  • What is the formula for calculating the number of bacteria after a certain time?
    2 to the power of n
  • What is the initial goal of the Human Genome Project?
    Map out every gene's function
  • What is a gene?
    A section of DNA coding for a protein
  • What is the term for all genetic material in an organism?
    Genome
  • What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
    Genotype is the DNA code; phenotype is expression
  • What are nucleotides made from?
    A sugar and phosphate group
  • What do A and T always match with in DNA?
    Each other
  • What is the role of mRNA?
    Copy DNA sequence to ribosomes
  • What happens to proteins after they are synthesized?
    They need to be folded
  • What can harmful mutations result in?
    Proteins that don't function properly
  • What is epigenetics?
    Influences gene expression without coding
  • What are enzymes?
    Biological catalysts
  • What is the lock and key principle in enzymes?
    Substrate fits into the enzyme's active site
  • What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity?
    The temperature at which activity is highest
  • What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?
    They denature and lose function
  • What is aerobic respiration?
    Respiration with oxygen
  • What is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles?
    Lactic acid
  • What is oxygen debt?
    Need for oxygen after anaerobic respiration
  • What do yeast cells produce during anaerobic respiration?
    Ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • What is fermentation?
    Anaerobic respiration in yeast
  • What is metabolism?
    Sum of all reactions in a cell
  • What can glucose be converted into?
    Starch, glycogen, and cellulose