ethnicity

• What does ethnicity refer to?

  A social group with a common culture
• What percentage of White male pupils on free school meals gained 5 A*-C grades according to DfES (2007)?

  24%
• How do White and Asian pupils' achievements compare to Black pupils?

  White and Asian pupils achieve higher
• Which Asian group performs better than others according to the study?

  Indians perform better than Pakistanis and Bangladeshis
• What did Hastings (2006) find about White pupils' progress compared to Black or Asian pupils?

  White pupils make less progress
• What trend might occur if current educational trends continue for White pupils?

  They may become the lowest performing group
• How do middle-class (M/C) pupils perform compared to working-class (W/C) pupils within ethnic groups?

  M/C pupils do better than W/C pupils
• Which gender outperforms the other within every ethnic group, except Gypsy/Roma children?

  Girls outperform boys
• What does cultural deprivation suggest about ethnic minority groups?

  They lack adequate linguistic development
• What barrier to education does Bowker (1968) identify?

  A lack of standard English
• According to Bollard and Driver, when do language problems cease to be an issue?

  By the age of 16
• What did the Swann Report (1985) conclude about language differences and achievement?

  They had little impact on achievement
• What family structure does Murray (1984) blame for underachievement in African Caribbean children?

  Lone-parenthood
• What does Scrunton (1986) argue is a reason for low achievement in ethnic minorities?

  Failure to embrace British culture
• How does Pryce (1979) compare Asian and Black cultures in the UK?

  Asian culture is more cohesive
• What does Hall (1992) refer to as a result of the impact of slavery on Black culture?

  A 'Culture of Resistance'
• What do Driver and Ballard (1981) argue about Asian families compared to Black families?


  Asian families have a more 'Pro-School' attitude
• What does Lupton (2004) suggest about the Asian family structure?


  It matches the 'Adult Authoritarian' school model
• What does Keddie (1971) argue about blaming culture for educational failure?


  It blames the victims of failure
• What do different ethnic groups inherit according to the attitudes and values argument?

  Different attitudes and values
• What negative role model does Arnot (2004) associate with Black pupils?

  'The Ultra-Tough Ghetto Superstar'
• How do African Caribbean girls perform in school according to Driver (1977)?


  They do very well in school
• What percentage of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are more likely to be in the poorest 1/5 of the population according to Flaherty (2004)?


  3X more likely
• What is the unemployment rate comparison for Africans, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis versus Whites?

  3X more likely to be unemployed
• What percentage of minority groups live in overcrowded homes?

  15%
• How likely are Pakistanis to be in semi/unskilled jobs compared to Whites?

  2X as likely
• What does the Swann Report (1985) say about social class differences and achievement?

  They account for a high proportion of differences
• What paradox exists regarding educational underachievement and social class?

  It's unclear which causes the other
• What does Mason (1995) argue about discrimination in Britain?

  It is a persistent feature of experience
• What does Rex (1986) say racism leads to?

  Social exclusion and poverty
• What did Noon (1993) find about responses to job applications with different names?


  White candidates received more helpful replies
• What do Tronya and Carrington (1990) argue about cultural descriptions?

  They are often racist stereotypes
• What does Sivanandan argue about afro-Caribbean culture?

  It is used to justify negative views
• What does labelling theory focus on in education?

  How teachers label pupils differently
• What did Gilbourn and Youdell find about teacher discipline towards Black pupils?

  They are disciplined more quickly
• What does Osler say about Black students and exclusion?

  They are more likely to be excluded
• What does Bourne argue about schools' perceptions of Black boys?


  They see them as a threat
• What does Foster suggest about teacher stereotypes of Black students?

  They lead to lower set placements
• What did Wright find about Asian students in a multi-ethnic primary school?


  They suffered from negative labelling
• What does Archer argue about teachers' definitions of pupils?


  They often lack ideal pupil characteristics