roles/processes and identities/subcultures

• What are the characteristics of an ideal pupil according to Bernstein?

  Varies by school context and expectations
• What are the differences between Restricted Code and Elaborate Code?

  • Restricted Code:
  • Limited vocabulary
  • Short, unfinished sentences
  • Grammatically simple
  • Context-bound
  • Elaborate Code:
  • Wide vocabulary
  • Grammatically complex
  • Varied and abstract
  • Context-free
• What was the main finding of Rosenthal and Jacobson's study?

  Labels influenced student progress significantly
• How did Ray Rist's study categorize students?

  Based on home background and behavior
• What labels were used in Ray Rist's study?

  Tigers, Cardinals, and Clowns
• How does the ideal pupil differ between Aspen and Rowan schools?

  Aspen values obedience; Rowan values personality
• What does setting mean in education?

  Grouping students by ability in subjects
• What is streaming in education?

  Grouping students by ability across all subjects
• What is the definition of an ideal pupil?

  Characteristics teachers subconsciously seek
• What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

  When students act according to their labels
• What does labelling theory suggest about teacher perceptions?

  • Teachers label students based on perceived ideal pupil traits
  • Labels often unrelated to actual ability
  • Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies
• What is a criticism of labelling theory?

  It overemphasizes teacher influence on students
• What did Margaret Fuller's research reveal about black girls in school?

  They worked hard to overcome negative labels
• What is a subculture in the context of education?

  • A group within a culture that differentiates itself
  • Maintains some founding principles
  • Develops its own norms and values
• What is symbolic capital in education?

  Status and recognition from peers
• What does symbolic violence refer to?

  Negative use of symbolic capital to assert superiority
• What is the working-class dilemma in education?

  Choosing between symbolic and academic capital
• What are the processes of differentiation and polarization in education?

  • Differentiation: Teachers categorize pupils by perceived ability
  • Polarization: Pupils respond by forming pro or anti-school subcultures
• What are characteristics of pro-school subcultures?

  • Committed to school values
  • Seek academic success
  • Involved in school activities
• What are characteristics of anti-school subcultures?

  • Lower streams
  • Rejection of school values
  • Disruptive behavior
• How do peer groups influence pupil identities?

  • Reinforce acceptable behaviors
  • Ostracize non-conforming students
  • Bestow status on conforming students
• What is symbolic violence according to Archer?

  Negative impact on students' identities and education
• How do school environments affect pupil identities?

  Pupils align identity with school performance level
• What is the ethnocentric curriculum according to Ball?

  Focus on Middle class White British culture
• How do schools reinforce gender stereotypes in subject choices?

  Encouraging girls towards expressive subjects
• How do uniforms shape gender roles in schools?

  Enforcing different dress codes for genders
• What can rejection by school lead to for working-class and minority ethnic groups?

  • Identification as anti-authoritarian
  • Rejection of authority in all aspects of life
• What are the impacts of positive and negative labelling on students?

  • Positive labelling boosts self-esteem
  • Negative labelling can lead to vocational paths