class

• What does "Middle Class" refer to in terms of occupations?

  White collar and professional jobs
• What does "Working Class" refer to in terms of occupations?

  Blue collar and manual jobs
• What are Internal Factors in educational achievement?

  Factors inside the school influencing achievement
• What does Educational Triage mean?

  Putting students into three achievement streams
• What is the A-C Economy in schools?

  Judging schools by A-C GCSE grades
• What is the impact of Labelling Theory on educational achievement?

  • Teachers label students based on perceptions
  • Labels can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies
  • Negative labels can hinder achievement
  • Positive labels can enhance achievement
• Who suggested that labelling leads to self-fulfilling prophecies?

  Becker
• What was the finding of Margaret Fuller's research?

  Black girls studied hard to defy labels
• What is a criticism of Labelling Theory?

  It overemphasizes teacher influence on students
• What is the difference between setting and streaming?

  Setting is within subjects; streaming is across all
• How does being placed in lower streams affect W/C students?

  It can lower self-esteem and achievement
• What are the characteristics of W/C pupil subcultures?

  • Anti-school values
  • Status through disruptive behavior
  • Unlikely to achieve academically
• What is "Habitus" according to Bourdieu?

  Shared ways of thinking and acting by class
• How does M/C habitus affect W/C students?

  M/C habitus gives advantages in school
• What do postmodernists argue about class and identity?

  Class impact on identity is diminishing
• What are the differences between anti-school and pro-school subcultures?

  Anti-school:

  • Reject school values
  • Engage in truanting and disruption

  
  

  Pro-school:

  • Committed to school values
  • Gain status through academic success
• What are External Factors in educational achievement?

  Elements outside school affecting achievement
• What is Cultural Deprivation?

  Lack of cultural resources affecting achievement
• How does language affect cognitive development?

  Parental communication influences cognitive ability
• What did Bernstein identify about language codes?

  W/C use restricted code; M/C use elaborate code
• How do parental attitudes impact educational achievement?

  Working class parents value education less
• What are the four elements of the W/C subculture according to Sugarman?

  Fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, present time orientation
• What is Material Deprivation?

  • Refers to poverty and lack of necessities
  • Linked to social class
  • Affects educational achievement negatively
• What are the hidden costs of education for W/C pupils?

  Costs of transport, books, uniforms, etc.
• How does housing affect educational achievement?

  Overcrowding can disrupt study and health
• What did Howard note about diets in poorer families?

  Poor diets lead to lack of energy and absences
• What did Wilkinson find about lower-income children?

  Higher rates of hyperactivity and ADHD
• What are Bourdieu's three types of capital?

  • Cultural Capital: knowledge and values
  • Economic Capital: money and income
  • Educational Capital: academic qualifications
• How can different types of capital be converted?

  Economic can provide cultural experiences for education
• What did Alice Sullivan's study find about cultural capital?

  Greater cultural capital leads to higher GCSE success
• What factors contribute to differences in educational achievement by social class?

  • Access to resources
  • Parental education and attitudes
  • Cultural capital and aspirations