Intellectual revolution

• Most influential intellectual revolutions in history

  • Copernican
  • Darwinian
  • Freudian
• Copernican Revolution


  Nicholas Copernicus proposed the heliocentric universe theory, shifting from the geocentric model of Ptolemy
• Copernicus published 'De revolutionibus orbium cœlestium' presenting the heliocentric model
• Acceptance of Copernicus' system

  Received resistance from the church and not fully proven until Newton's theories in 1867
• Copernican revolution


  Marked the beginning of a new period of revolutionary science
• Darwinian Revolution


  Charles Darwin's contributions to the theory of evolution
• Darwin published 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection' in 1859
• Descent with modification by natural selection


  Explains adaptations of organisms in the environment and the unity and diversity of life
• Darwinian revolution


  Challenged traditional views of a young Earth and unchanging species, convincing many scientists of evolution
• Publication of Darwin's theory of evolution caused a great revolution in biology
• Freudian Revolution


  Sigmund Freud's contributions to modern psychology, particularly in psychoanalysis
• Freud pioneered innovative techniques in understanding human behavior and established theories of personality and psychotherapy
• Patel, 2013: 'Sigmund Freud is now known as the father of psychoanalysis'
• Freud entered the University of Vienna and registered in the faculty of medicine
• Freud attained his doctorate in medicine in 1881 and worked as a research assistant focusing mainly on neurology
• Freud believed that the human mind is like an iceberg

  The tip of the iceberg represents the conscious level of mind which could be seen, while the unconscious part of the mind was mysterious and hidden
• In 1923, Freud developed the structural model of mind composed of the id, ego, and superego
• Id, Ego, Superego


  Considered as three essential parts of the human personality, located in the unconscious level based on the pleasure principle
• The ego develops from the id during infancy


  The ego's main purpose is to satisfy the demands of the id in a manner acceptable in the real world
• Superego


  Develops during early childhood and is responsible for ensuring moral standards and ideals are followed, guiding in making judgments
• Freud is a representative of the scientific revolution
• Freudianism, like Darwinism, introduces new concepts and affects thinking, causing a general re-evaluation of ideas
• Intellectual revolution is the period of paradigm shifts where widely accepted scientific beliefs are challenged with new ideas, causing great social changes
• Nicholas Copernicus developed the heliocentric model, challenging the geocentric model of Ptolemy, causing a wide-ranging social impact
• Charles Darwin's discovery of natural selection and evolution revolutionized the field of biology
• Freud made significant contributions in modern psychology, particularly in psychoanalysis
• Freud pioneered innovative techniques in understanding human behavior, resulting in the theory of personality and psychotherapy