module 6

• agent that enhance feed intake

  Appetite stimulant
• appetite suppressant

  Anorexigenic agents
• drug that induces vomiting

  emetics
• drug that prevent vomiting

  anti emetics
• drugs that neutralize excessive gastric acidity

  antacids
• chemically inert substances that absorb dissolved or suspended substances such as gases, toxins, or bacteria

  Adsorbents
• substances that produce protein precipitating action limited to the surface of cells. The permeability of the cell membrane is reduced but the cells remain viable

  Astringents
• substances that form thin layer over skin or mucous membrane in order to prevent contact with possible irritants

  Protectants
• substances used as flavorings in some drug and food preparations. Their main effect expulsion of gas and reduction of foam formation

  Carminatives
• substances that hasten the rate of passage of material through the GIT and promote defecation

  Cathartics
• element necessary for normal taste acuity

  zinc
• advocated, as appetite stimulants by making the animal feel better

  Vitamin B complex

  corticosteroid

  anabolic steroids
• increases feed intake in cat by suppression of satiety center via increase GABA activity and antiserotonergic effect.

  Diazepam

  Oxazepam
• diazepam and oxazepam are less effective in horse, dog and goats
• acts as anti-serotonin and antihistamine, can be used in cats and humans

  Cyproheptadine
• Bitters: Nux vomica, plant alkaloids, stimulate salivation
• To empty stomach prior to induction of general anesthesia For rapid elimination of non-corrosive poison from conscious animal. Induction of emesis should not be attempted when corrosive agents had been ingested.

  emetics
• most reliable emetic in dogs

  apomorphine
• IV administration of a low dose is the preferred route of apomorphine
• Apomorphine produces excitement in cats and is not effective in swine
• sedative analgesic with emetic side effect in cats.

  xylazine
• has been used as an emetic but vomiting was not consistent

  Ipecac syrup
• Locally acting emetics

  Administration of warm water by stomach tube

  3% hydrogen peroxide

  Sodium chloride 1 tsp places at the back of the tongue
• agents that control vomiting by blocking impulses at the higher centers and at the emetic center

  centrally acting antiemetics
• These are agents that reduce hydrochloric acid content of stomach by inhibiting acid secretion, neutralizing acids, or coating and protecting the gastric mucosa

  antacids
• Excessive aluminum salts cause constipation and phosphate depletion
• Phosphate deficiency is characterized by muscle weakness and bone demineralization
• Ranitidine or famotidine are first-choice agents since they are safe, effective, and have less hepatic inhibition of microsomal metabolizing enzymes than cimetidine
• Acid pump inhibitors inhibit the H+/K+- ATPase on the luminal (secretory) membrane of parietal cells and thus reduce H+ secretion. Binding to the enzyme is irreversible and restoration of acid secretion requires de novo synthesis of ATPase by the parietal cell. Omeprazole is the protypical agent

  for

  prevention and treatment of gastric erosions cause by NSAID

  Omeprazole
• •These are agents that promote expulsion of gas from the stomach (eructation). Defoaming action relieves flatulence by dispersing and preventing formation of mucus-surrounded gas pockets in the GIT

  CARMINATIVES
• Attapulgite (hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate)
• These are agents that precipitate proteins, alter surface characteristics, and tend to form a protective layer on the mucosal surface

  GI ASTRINGENTS
• are agents that produce a more liquid evacuation.

  cathartics(purgative)
• are agents that promote  elimination of a soft-formed stool.

  Laxatives (Aperients)
• •These are thought to stimulate mucosal lining of the GIT and thereby initiate a myenteric reflex that would enhance intestinal transport•They are known to provoke fluid accumulation in the lumen by activating cyclic AMP-dependent secretory mechanism (similar to the action of cholera toxin) and inhibit absorption of water

  STIMULANT CATHARTICS
• acts on the large intestine by irritating the mucosa

  Cascara sagrada
• synthetic emodin

  danthron
• stimulates colonic smooth muscles and myenteric plexus. It also inhibits absorption of Na, K, and glucose

  bisacodyl
• Increase the fluidity of intestinal content to facilitate defecation. Also increase the bulk of intestinal content which then distends the bowel wall and bring about reflex peristalsis

  BULK CATHARTICS
• •Hydrophilic colloids or indigestible fibers that attract water into the lumen and subsequently increase the rate of intestinal transit.

  Gel bulk cathartics