21ST WHOLE

• Literature


  Total preserved writing in a given language
• Reasons why people write

  • Self Expression
  • To spread knowledge
  • To pass on ideas and values
  • To impact truth, accuracy and evaluation
• Characteristics of Literature

  • Permanence - Long lasting impact
  • Universality - Appeals to everyone
  • Artistry - Appeals to aesthetic value
  • Intellectual Value - Stimulates thought
  • Spiritual Value - High in morals and lessons
  • Style - Personal expression of the artists
  • Suggestiveness - Appeals to emotion and stirs imagination
• Oral Literature


  • Preserved through word of mouth
• Written Literature


  • Has permanence with the use of pen and paper
• Prose


  • A discourse in paragraph form
• Fiction


  • Driven by author's imagination
• Types of Fiction

  • Short Story - Involves only 1 plot and setting
  • Novel - Involves different plots and settings + characters
  • Play - Scripted and meant to be acted on stage
  • Legend - Talks about the origin of something
  • Fable - Story where characters are animals
• Non-Fiction


  • Based on facts and evidences
• Types of Non-Fiction

  • Essay - Expresses viewpoints and opinions
  • Oration - 'public speaking'
  • Biography - Someone else's life journal
  • Autobiography - Author's own life journal
  • News - Presents issues/reports
  • Diary/Journal - Daily life record
• Poetry

  • Spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings
• Types of Poetry

  1. Narrative - Epics, Ballads

  2. Dramatic - Acted on stage

  3. Lyric - Haiku, Ode, Elegy, Sonnet, Song
• Imagery


  • Refers to a sensation of language created in your mind
• Figurative Language

  • Makes language more colorful
• Types of Figurative Language

  • Simile - Uses like or as (direct comparison)
  • Metaphor - Indirect comparison
  • Personification - Application of human attributes to inanimate objects
  • Apostrophe - Address to someone who's absent
  • Metonymy - Term connected to an object represents a whole
  • Synecdoche - Part represents a whole
  • Hyperbole - Exaggeration
  • Irony - Sarcasm/opposite of what is meant
  • Antithesis - Contrast of words
  • Paradox - Seems untrue but is actually true
  • Litotes - Deliberate understatement using negative wordings to make something appear positive
  • Oxymoron - Contrast of side by side words
  • Onomatopoeia - Sound representation
  • Alliteration - Repetition of initial consonant
  • Assonance - Repetition of vowel sound
  • Consonance - Slant rhyme which has consonants at the end
• We were colonized for 43 years


  1898
• American Period (1898-1941)


  Founded schools in 1901
• Period of Reorientation (1898-1910)


  Introduced Thomasites as first teachers
• Period of Imitation (1910-1924)


  Filipinos tried to imitate and copy American culture
• Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)


  Signifies freedom
• We were colonized for 43 years

  898-1941
• Founded Schools
• Newspaper
• Plays
• Characteristics and Features of American Period
• VOICE OF FREEDOM - only contact of the Filipino from the outside world
• Three types of poem

  • Haiku 5, 7, 5
  • Tanaga 7, 7, 7
  • Karaniwang Anyo
• Dramatic Philippines composed of 3 translators Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, Narciso Pimentel Jose Ma. Hernandez Panday Pira Francisco Soc Rodrigo Sa pula, sa puti Clodualdo del Mundo Bulaga Juian Cruz Balmaceda Sino ba kayo? Dahil sa anak, and Higante ng Patay
• SPANISH INFLUENCES
• First Books
• First books

  • DOCTRINA CRISTIANA or the Christian Doctrine
  • NUESTRA SENORA DEL ROSARIO
  • LIBRO DE LOS CUATRO POST PRIMERAS DE HOMBRE
  • ANG BARLAAN AT JOSEPHAT
  • THE PASSION
  • URBANA AT FELISA
  • ANG MGA DALIT KAY MARIA
• Recreational plays

  1. TIBAG - means to ‘excavate’ to remind people about the search of Saint Helena for the Holy Cross after Jesus died

  2. LAGAYLAY - special occasion to get together during May for Pilarenos of Sorsogon where ladies are chosen to fulfill a vow or panata

  3. CENACULO - dramatic performance to re-enact the passion and death of Jesus Christ

  4. CANTADA - chanted like the Passion

  5. HABLADA - more dignified theme where lines are spoken in a deliberate manner

  6. PANUNULUYAN - re-enactment of Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph in search for the inn to deliver baby Jesus

  7. SALUBONG - Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of risen Christ and His Mother

  8. CARILLO - dramatic entertainment performed on dark nights before a lamp against a white sheet

  9. ZARSUELA - considered the Father of Drama. Musical comedy or melodrama dealt with man’s passion and emotions like love, hate, revenge, etc

  10. SAINETE - short exaggerated musical comedy performed by the lower class

  11. MORO-MORO - performed during town fiestas to entertain people to remind them of their Christian religion. It is a drama which tackles Moros and Christians before

  12. KARAGATAN - poetic contest where a ritual is performed based on a legend about a princess who lost her ring and whoever finds it gets her hand in marriage

  13. DUNG-AW - chanted for the death

  14. BALAGTASAN - Debate in honor of Francisco Balagtas-Baltazar
• BAYBAYIN is the pre-colonial ancient writing script of the Philippines, incorrectly known as Alibata
• Doctrina Christiana or the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices
• Spanish language became the medium of instruction
• DOCTRINA CRISTIANA or the Christian Doctrine was created in 1593 by a Xylography by Fr. Juan de Placencia, Fr. Domingo Nieva
• NUESTRA SENORA DEL ROSARIO was biographies of saints by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602
• LIBRO DE LOS CUATRO POST PRIMERAS DE HOMBRE was the first book printed in typography
• ANG BARLAAN AT JOSEPHAT was the first biblical story printed in the Philippines by Fr. Antonio de Borja, has 556 pages, and is the first Tagalog novel published in the Philippines
• THE PASSION is a book about the life of Jesus Christ read only during Lent