SET B

• Independent variable


  It causes the changes in the dependent variable
• Definition of Statistics


  Statistics is the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret numerical information from data.
• Uses of Statistics

  - To present data in a concise and definite form

  
  

  - To make complex and large data easy to understand

  
  

  - For comparison

  
  

  - Enlarging individual experiences

  
  

  - Measuring magnitude of a phenomenon
• A study is conducted on the differences in recall of conversational memory between males and females. What is the independent variable?

  Gender
• In a study investigating the effect of drama-based therapies on the psychological well-being of individuals, which of the following would likely be the dependent variable.

  Psychological well-being
• Sample


  A subset of the population
• interval scale

  Level of measurement with equal intervals but without an absolute zero
• Identify the scale of measurement:

  
  

  Gender


  Nominal
• Identify scale of measurement:

  
  

  5 point scale of agreement (Strongly disagree to strongly agree)

  Ordinal
• Scores from attitude scale toward sex education in school

  Continuous/Scale
• Archival research

  Research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis.
• Limitations of Statistics

  - Statistics does not deal with individual measurements

  - Statistics cannot be used to study qualitative phenomenon

  - Statistical results are true only on an average

  - Statistical data are only approximations

  - Statistics can be manipulated
• Survey research


  A research design that provides quantitative or numerical description of a population's trends, attitudes, and opinions by studying a sample of that population.
• Correlational research


  It is a research design that describes and measures the degree of association or relationship between two or more variables or sets of scores.
• Rates


  It is used to compare actual cases and potential cases
• Frequency Distribution


  Organized tabulation of the number of cases that fall under mutually exclusive classes or categories
• Skewness


  It measures the symmetry of the distribution
• Kurtosis


  It measures the peakedness of the distribution
• Measures of Central Tendency


  It describes a whole data set with a single value representing the distribution's middle or center
• Measures of Variability


  It provides an index on how the scores are scattered or dispersed around the center of distribution.
• Negatively skewed

  
• No Skewness/Symmetrical

  
• Positively Skewed

  
• The researcher would like to investigate the effects of different study techniques (note-taking, visual imagery, spaced repetition) on the academic performance of psychology students. Identify the independent and dependent variables and their level of measurement.

  IV: Study Techniques - Nominal

  DV: Academic Performance - Scale (Interval/Ratio)
• Formula for determining classes in grouped frequency distribution

  2^k rule
• Median


  The middlemost point in the distribution
• Mean


  The sum of the set of scores divided by the number

  of scores in the set
• Mode


  The number that appears most often in a data set
• Formula for determining class interval/class width

  
• Histogram


  A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data. It can be used for continuous variables (ratio/interval).