summarised notes-all topics p2

• What is conformity in social influence?

  Changing behaviour to match a group
• What is obedience in social influence?

  Following direct orders from authority
• What is the bystander effect?

  Less likely to help when others are present
• What is pro-social behaviour?

  Helping behaviour
• What is deindividuation?

  Loss of identity in a crowd
• What are social norms?

  Accepted ways of behaving
• What did Asch's study (1951) demonstrate?

  75% conformed at least once to wrong answers
• What did Milgram's study (1963) reveal about obedience?

  65% gave 450V shocks
• What did Piliavin's study (1969) find about helping behaviour?

  Ill person helped more than drunk
• What factors influence conformity?

  Group size, unanimity, task difficulty
• What factors influence obedience?

  Proximity, location, uniform
• What factors influence the bystander effect?

  Diffusion of responsibility, similarity, cost of helping
• What did Piaget theorize about language and thought?

  Thought develops before language
• What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis state?

  Language influences thought
• What did Brown & Lenneberg (1954) find about language and perception?

  Zuni tribe struggled with colours without words
• What did Carmichael et al. (1932) demonstrate about memory?

  Labels affected memory of images
• What is a neuron?

  Nerve cell
• What is a synapse?

  Gap between neurons
• What is a neurotransmitter?

  Chemical messenger (e.g., serotonin)
• What is lateralisation?

  Hemispheric specialisation
• What is the function of the frontal lobe?

  Decision-making
• What is the function of the parietal lobe?

  Sensory
• What is the function of the temporal lobe?

  Memory and hearing
• What is the function of the occipital lobe?

  Vision
• What did Penfield's study demonstrate?

  Brain mapping using electrical stimulation
• What was significant about Phineas Gage's case?

  Personality change due to frontal lobe damage
• What did Sperry's research confirm?

  Confirmed lateralisation
• What are the symptoms of depression?

  Low mood, hopelessness
• What biological factor is linked to depression?

  Low serotonin
• What psychological factor is associated with depression?

  Beck's negative schemas
• What are common treatments for depression?

  SSRIs and CBT
• What are the symptoms of addiction?

  Craving, tolerance
• What biological factor is linked to addiction?

  Dopamine reward system
• What learning theories are associated with addiction?

  Classical/operant conditioning
• What are common treatments for addiction?

  Aversion therapy, self-help
• What did Caspi et al. (2003) find about depression?

  5-HTT gene linked to depression after stress
• What did Young (2007) find about internet addiction?

  CBT reduced internet addiction symptoms
• What was the aim of Tulving's Gold study (1989)?

  To see if episodic and semantic memory are stored differently
• What method did Tulving use in his study?

  Gold particles + PET scan during tasks
• What were the results of Tulving's study?

  Episodic - right cortex, Semantic - left cortex