NGT

• refers to all biochemical reaction

  metabolism
• building complex biochemical substance

  anabolism
• breakdown of biochemical substance

  catabolism
• glycogen to glucose

  glucogenolysis
• glucose to glycogen

  glycogenesis
• amino acids and glycerol to glucose

  gluconeogenesis
• • Chyme moves by peristaltic action through the ileocecal valve into the large intestine, where it becomes feces. 

  elimination
• energy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific amount of time

  Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
• • Amount of energy needed to consume over 24-hour period for the body to maintain internal working activities while at rest

  Resting energy expenditure (REE)
• Nutrition


  • Is a basic component of health and is essential for normal growth and development, tissue maintenance and repair, cellular metabolism, and organ function
  • The human body needs an adequate supply of nutrients for essential functions of cells
• Nutrients


  The biochemical units of nutrition
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR)


  Energy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific amount of time (breathing, circulation, heart rate, and temperature)
• Resting energy expenditure (REE)


  Amount of energy needed to consume over a 24-hour period for the body to maintain internal working activities while at rest
• Carbohydrates

  • Complex and simple saccharides
  • Main source of energy
  • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Proteins

  • Amino acids
  • Necessary for nitrogen balance
  • Essential for the growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues
  • Stored in the muscle mass
• Fats (lipids)

  • Stored in adipose tissues
  • Major form of body reserved
  • Most calorie-dense nutrient
  • Composed of fatty acids and triglycerides
• Water

  • All cell function depends on a fluid environment
• Vitamins

  • Organic substances present in small amounts in food that are essential for normal metabolism
  • Act as catalysts in biochemical reactions
  • Classified as fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble vitamins (C and B complex)
• Minerals


  • Inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biochemical reactions
  • Classified as macrominerals and microminerals or trace elements
• Digestion


  Mechanical breakdown that results from chewing, churning, and mixing with fluid and chemical reactions in which food reduces to its simplest form
• Enzymes


  • Protein-like substances that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
• Hormones


  • Regulate the flow of digestive secretion
• Enzymes


  Protein-like substances that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions
• Hormones


  Regulates the flow of digestive secretion needed for enzyme supply
• Absorption


  The small intestine, lined with fingerlike projections called villi, is the primary absorption site for nutrients
• Methods of nutrient absorption

  • Passive diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Active transport
  • Pinocytosis
• Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and water-soluble vitamins

  Occurs in the small intestine
• Metabolism


  All biochemical reactions within the cell body
• Metabolic processes

  • Anabolism
  • Catabolism
• Anabolism


  Building of complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients
• Catabolism


  Breakdown of biochemical substances into simpler substances
• Nutrient metabolism processes

  • Catabolism of glycogen into glucose, carbon dioxide, and water (glycogenolysis)
  • Anabolism of glucose into glycogen for storage (glycogenesis)
  • Catabolism of amino acids and glycerol into glucose for energy (gluconeogenesis)
• Elimination


  Chyme moves by peristaltic action through the ileocecal valve into the large intestine, where it becomes feces
• Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) components

  • The estimated average requirements (EAR)
  • The recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
  • The adequate intake (AI)
• Dietary allowances


  • Represent the average needs of 98% of the population, not the exact needs of the individual
  • Suggested intake for individuals based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intakes when there is not enough evidence to set the RDA
  • Highest level that likely poses no risk of adverse health events and is not recommended level of intake
• Food Guidelines

  • Provides average daily consumption guidelines for the five food groups: Grain, Vegetables, Fruits, Dairy products, Meat
• Daily Values


  • Include needed proteins, vitamins, fats, cholesterol, carbohydrates, fiber, sodium, and potassium
• Factors Influencing Nutrition

  • Environmental Factors
  • Developmental needs
• Environmental Factors

  • Beyond the control of individuals contribute to the development of obesity
  • Overweight is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29
  • Obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 or greater
  • It can limit a person’s likelihood of healthy eating and participation in exercise or other activities of healthy living
• Developmental needs

  • Infant Through School-Age
  • Breastfeeding
  • Formula
  • Introduction to Solid Foods
  • Adolescent
  • Young and Middle Adults
  • Pregnancy
  • Lactation
  • Older Adults