phculture 2

• Elements of the tourism network

  • Tourists
  • Enterprises
  • Institutions
  • Host communities
• The tourism industry is a network that includes both the public and private sectors
• Public Sector in the tourism industry


  • Responsible for formulating tourism policies, plans, and programs
  • Provides guidelines for destination selection and development
  • Promotes travel to and investments in the Philippines
  • Regulates the industry in collaboration with other government agencies
• Republic Act No. 9593, known as “The Tourism Act of 2009”, declares a national policy for tourism as an engine of investment, employment, growth, and national development
• The Department of Tourism (DOT) is the primary planning, programming, coordinating, implementing, and regulatory government agency in developing and promoting the tourism industry
• Role of the Department of Tourism (DOT)

  Instilling in Filipinos the industry’s fundamental importance in generating employment, investment, and foreign exchange
• Agencies and corporations attached to the DOT

  • National Parks Development Committee (NPDC)
  • Intramuros Administration (IA)
  • Philippine Commission on Sports Scuba Diving (PCSSD)
  • Philippine Retirement Authority (PRA)
  • Nayong Pilipino Foundation (NPF)
• National Parks Development Committee (NPDC)


  • Ensures fully developed and well-maintained parks for recreation and socio-cultural education of the Filipino people
  • Enriches the country’s national identity and heritage through partnerships
• Intramuros Administration (IA)


  • Responsible for the restoration and development of Intramuros as a monument to the Hispanic period in Philippine history
  • Ensures the general appearance of Intramuros conforms to Philippine-Spanish architecture
• Philippine Commission on Sports Scuba Diving (PCSSD)


  • Provides standard basic dive rules to all levels of divers
  • Regulates scuba sports and technical diving in the country
  • Ensures safety of the sport through policy formulation
• Philippine Retirement Authority (PRA)


  • Develops and promotes the Philippines as a retirement haven
  • Accelerates the country’s social and economic development
  • Strengthens the foreign exchange position while providing quality of life to retirees
• Nayong Pilipino Foundation (NPF)


  • Promotes, encourages, and initiates research and development projects in various fields
  • Operates as a non-stock, non-profit public corporation for public interest
• Stock, non-profit public corporation is organized, established, and operated in the public interest, and no portion of its funds and income shall take effect for the benefit of any of its members
• Duty Free Philippines Corporation (DFPC) has the exclusive authority to operate and/or franchise out the operation of stores and shops that sell duty and tax-free merchandise, goods, and articles in international airports, seaports, other ports of entry throughout the country, and in Tourism Enterprise Zones (TEZ)
• Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA) is responsible for implementing policies and programs of the DOT pertaining to developing, promoting, and supervising tourism projects in the Philippines
• TIEZA's main tasks


  Building tourism infrastructure, designation, regulation, and supervision of TEZs, operation and management of TIEZA assets, and the collection of the Philippine travel tax
• Travel tax collection is TIEZA's primary source of income
• Tourism Promotions Board (TPB) is responsible for marketing and promoting the Philippines domestically and internationally as a major global tourism destination
• TPB's responsibilities


  Marketing the Philippines as a major convention destination in Asia, attracting, promoting, facilitating, and servicing large-scale events, international fairs and conventions, congresses, sports competitions, expositions, and the like
• Government agencies influencing tourism

  • Bureau of Immigration (BI)
  • Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA)
  • Department of Transportation (DOTr)
  • Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR)
  • National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)
• Other agencies influencing tourism

  • Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)
  • National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)
  • Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)
• Private sector industries/sectors directly involved in tourism

  • Not specified
• Primary industries/sectors directly involved in tourism

  • Accommodation
  • Food and beverage
  • Transportation
  • Attractions
  • MICE
  • Travel trade
• Accommodation Sector


  • Facilities and amenities offer guests a place to stay for rest and sleep
  • Provide services to meet guests' needs and expectations
  • Examples: hotels, resorts, apartment hotels, motels/motor hotels, inns, bed and breakfasts, hostels
• Transportation Sector


  • Brings passengers from their place of origin to their desired destination
  • Modes of travel: air, land, sea
• Air Transportation


  1. Comprises scheduled and chartered air services

  2. Examples: Philippine Airlines, Cebu Pacific, Philippines AirAsia

  3. Airports like Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) and Mactan-Cebu International Airport
• Land Transportation


  1. Safe, convenient, and cheaper mode of travel

  2. Includes public transportation such as taxis/limousines, buses, rail, private cars
• Land Transportation - Taxicab (Taxi)


  • Public passenger vehicle fitted with a taximeter, available for service in the Philippines
• Land Transportation - Bus services


  • Air-conditioned or non-air-conditioned buses available to major destinations in Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao
  • Examples: Five Star Bus, Viron Transit, Victory Liner, Bataan Transit
• Land Transportation - Railway transport


  • Includes Light Railway Transit (LRT), Metro Rail Transport (MRT), Philippine National Railways (PNR)
  • Most economical and fastest means to travel within Metropolitan Manila
• Land Transportation - Car and motorcycle rentals


  • Available in major cities in the Philippines
  • Booking through online applications like Grab, Angkas, JoyRide
  • Some motorcycle rentals called habal-habal
• Land Transportation - Other land transportation


  • Public utility jeepneys (PUJs), tricycles
  • Jeepney widely used all over the country
  • Tricycles, three-wheeled vehicles with a motorcycle and sidecar
• Water Transportation


  • Cheaper mode of travel for passengers with bulky luggage
  • Refers to movement of passengers and goods via water
  • Means include roll-on/roll-off (RORO) or passenger ships between Manila and the country
• Types of sea travel in the Philippines

  • Fast sea crafts
  • Ferry services
  • Island hopping by bangka
• 2GO Travel services

  • Reasonably priced hotel accommodations
  • Tours
  • Event packages
• Establishments in the Food and Beverage Sector

  • Restaurants
  • Bars
  • Cafés
  • Cafeterias
  • Clubs
• Food and beverage service


  Refers to the preparation, presentation, and service of meals and drinks to guests
• Attractions


  Main reason travelers go to a particular destination where leisure and recreation activities can be provided
• Types of attractions

  • Natural attractions
  • Man-made attractions
• Examples of man-made attractions for tourism purposes

  • Theme parks (e.g., Enchanted Kingdom, Star City)
  • Museums (e.g., National Museum, The Mind Museum, Pinto Art Museum)
  • Zoos (e.g., Manila Zoo, Avilon Zoo, Baluarte Zoo)
  • Casinos (e.g., Resorts World Manila, Solaire Resort and Casino, Okada Manila Resort & Casino)