ucspol l3

• Biological evolution


  Refers to the changes, modifications, and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another
• Natural Selection


  The outcome of a process that affects the frequencies of traits in a particular environment. Traits that enhance survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time
• Principles of Natural Selection

  1. Every species is made up of a variety of individuals wherein some are better adapted to their environment compared to others.

  2. Organisms produce progeny with different sets of traits that can be inherited

  3. Organisms that are most suitable to their environment will survive and transfer these variations to their offspring in subsequent generations
• Sociocultural evolution


  Refers to the changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture. It happens as a result of human adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and population increase
• Levels of development of human society

  1. Hunting and Gathering Society 2. Horticultural and Pastoral Society

  • 3. Agricultural Society
  • 4. Industrial Society
  • 5. Post Industrial Society
• Hunting & Gathering Society


  The oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence is hunting and gathering. Hunting and gathering societies produce simple forms of tools used to hunt for animals and gather plants and vegetation for food. Since they rely on nature for their food, they frequently move and do not have permanent settlements, making them nomadic societies. The family is the basic unit of hunting and gathering societies
• Horticultural and Pastoral Society societies are described as semisedentary societies because they do not frequently move as opposed to hunting and gathering societies. They subsist through small-scale farming using simple forms of old hand tools to plant crops. principal means of subsistence is animal domestication. They are classified as animal herders and engage in small-scale trading with other groups
• agricultural society started to cultivate wheat, barley, peas, rice, and millet. Humans began to farm and domesticate animals as a form of subsistence. During the Neolithic Revolution, agricultural societies developed, their population increased into millions, settled permanently, improved farming technology, and produced a surplus of the food supply. Money became a form of exchange replacing the barter system
• Industrial Society began during the late 18th century with the revolution sweeping through Europe. New sources of energy were harnessed, advanced forms of technology were applied, and types of machinery were invented. These changes led to the industrialization of the transformation of agricultural society into production and manufacturing
• Post Industrial Society


  With the development of information technology and computers, many societies transformed . Revolution focused on the use and application of new information technology rather than factories. Production centers on computers and other electronic devices that create, process, and apply ideas and information
• Biological evolution is based on the theory of

  evolution that was introduced by the famous English

  naturalist and geologist Charles Darwin. He hypothesized

  that the evolution of species happens through the process of

  natural selection.