TOOLS AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

• BOROSILICATE GLASS Pyrex and kimax - brands  Most commonly used

  glassware

   Used for heating and

  sterilization purposes  Characterized by a high

  degree of thermal resistance

  and low alkali content
• BORON-FREE GLASSWARE Soft glass  High resistance

  to alkali  Its thermal

  resistance isless as

  compared to

  borosilicate glass
• COREX Corning

   Special alumina-silicate

  glass that has been

  strengthened chemically than

  thermally
• VYCOR Corning

   Utilized for high

  thermal, drastic heat  Characterized by itsvery low coefficient of

  expansion and

  correspondingly high

  resistance to heatshock, its

  high softening point, low power factor, and high

  chemical durability, which make it useful for varied

  applications in the industrial and electrical fields as

  well as in the laboratory.
• FLINT GLASS

   Made up of soda-lime glass and a mixture of

  Calcium, Silicon, and Sodium Oxides
• POLYOLEFINS

  Polyethylene

  • Polypropylene
• FLUOROCARBONS

  Teflon

  • PDUF
• ENGINEERING RESINS - Nylon

  • Acetol - Polycarbonate
  • Polystyrene
  • Polyphenylene Oxides
• LABWARE PLASTICS

  - Corian

  - Epoxy resins

  - ABS

  - Polyetherimide
• CALIBRATION MARKS/DESIGN - To deliver and To contain
• DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICS - Blowout

  • Self-draining
• TYPES - Transfer

  Graduated

  • Measuring
• TO DELIVER (TD) Delivers exact amount it holds into a container
• TO CONTAIN (TC)  Particular volume but does not dispense exact

  amount
• BLOWOUT With continuous etched ring on the top of the

  pipette

   Exact volume is obtained when the last drop is

  blown out
• SELF-DRAINING Without etched ting on top of the pipette

   Last drop can’t be drained
• TRANSFER PIPETTE Volumetric Pipette

  Ostwald Folin

  • Pasteur Pipette
• VOLUMETRIC PIPETTE Self-draining

   For non-viscous fluid
• OSTWALD FOLIN For viscous fluid

   With etched ring

   Bulb islowerthan the

  volumetric pipette
• PASTEUR PIPETTE Commonly made from plastic  Transfers fluid without consideration ofspecific

  volume
• SEROLOGICAL PIPETTE With graduations to the tip

   Blowout pipette
• MOHR PIPETTE Without graduations to the tip

   Self-draining pipette
• MICROPIPETTES Sahli-Hellige Pipette

   Lang-Levy Pipette

   RBC and WBC Pipette

   Kik and Overflow Pipette
• AUTOMATIC PIPETTES A pipette associated with only one volume (fixed

  volume) or able to select different volumes

  Micropipettes

  • Macropipette
• AIR-DISPLACEMENT It relies on piston forsuction creation to draw the

  sample into a disposable tip

   Piston does not come in contact with the liquid
• POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT It operated by moving the piston in the pipet tip or

  barrel, like hypodermic syringe

   It does not require a different tip for each use
• DISPENSER/DILUTOR It obtains from a common reservoir  It combines sampling and dispensing functions
• VOLUMETRIC FLASK

  ➢ Volumetric flasks are calibrated to contain an

  accurate volume.
• BURET

  ➢ A laboratory apparatus used in quantitative

  chemical analysis to measure the volume of a

  liquid or a gas. It consists of a graduated glass tube with

  a stopcock (turning plug, or spigot) at

  one end.
• MENISCUS ILLUMINATOR

  ➢ Position the black field just below

  the meniscus. Avoid parallax error

  by reading at eye level
• LOWER MENISCUS -CLEAR LIQUIDS

  UPPER MENISCUS - DARK-COLORED

  LIQUIDS
• KJELDAHL FLASKS

  ➢ Use these for acid digestions.

  ➢ They are tilted while heating to avoid

  losses from “bumping”
• The triple beam balance is a measuring instrument comprising a beam

  supported on a fulcrum. On one side of this beam, is a pan on which the

  object to be measured is placed, while on the other side, the beam is split into three parallel beams, each carrying a known weight and together

  culminating into a pointer pointing to a fixed scale. The weights are slid on

  their respective beams until zero reading is obtained and a state of balance is achieved.
• Function: To determine Mass of objects
• Weighing bottles are used for drying samples.

  Hygroscopic samples are weighed by difference,

  keeping the bottle capped except when

  removing the sample.
• WEIGHING DISH

  ➢ weighing dish or boat is used for direct weighing

  of samples.
• DESICCATOR AND DESICCATOR PLATE

  ➢ Use a desiccator to cool a dried or

  ignited sample.

  ➢ Cool a red hot vessel before

  placing in the desiccator.

  ➢ Do not stopper a hot weighing

  bottlle (creates a partial vacuum

  on cooling)
• MUFFLE FURNACE

  ● Used to ignite samples at high temperatures, e.g., to

  dry ash organic matter.
• DRYING OVEN

  ● Used to dry samples before weighing.

  ● Usually 110o C used.
• WASH BOTTLES

  ● Use these for quantitative

  transfer of precipitates and

  solutions, and for washing

  precipitates.