THE URINARY SYSTEM

• The Urinary system is also called as?

  Renal System
• This is responsible for filtering blood, removing waste products, and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body

  The Urinary System
• What are the organs that make up The Urinary System?

  pair of kidneys and ureters

  bladder

  urethra
• Label the parts of the kidneys

  Kidney Anatomy

  A) Renal Cortex

  B) Renal Medulla

  C) Renal Column

  D) Renal Pyramid

  E) Minor Calyx

  F) Major Calyx

  G) Renal Pelvis

  H) Renal Capsule

  
• This is a part of the kidney

  A tough fibrous layer surrounding each kidney for protection

  Renal Capsule
• This is a part of the kidney

  The inner region divided into renal pyramids and renal columns

  Renal Medulla
• This is a part of the kidney

  The outer reddish-brown region that contains nephrons and blood vessels; site of initial filtration

  Renal Cortex
• This is a part of the Renal Medulla of the kidney;

  Collect urine from nephrons and drain it into calyxes

  Renal Pyramids
• This is a part of the Renal Medulla of the kidney;

  Anchor blood vessels and support kidney structure

  Renal Columns
• This is a part of the kidney

  Cup-like structures that collect urine from the pyramids

  Minor Calyxes
• This is a part of the kidney

  Merge minor calyxes to funnerl urine into the Renal Pelvis

  Major Calyxes
• This is a part of the kidney

  A large cavity that transitions into the ureter for urine drainage

  Renal Pelvis
• This is the functional unit of the kidney

  Nephron
• Label

  The Parts of the Nephron

  A) Renal Corpuscle

  B) Proximal Convoluted Tubule

  C) Distal Convoluted Tubule

  D) Loop of Henle

  E) Connecting Tubule

  
• This is a part of the Nephron

  Initial dilated enclosing a tuft of capillary loops and the site of blood filtration

  Renal Corpuscle
• This is a part of the Nephron

  A long convoluted part, located entirely in the cortex, with a shorter straight part that enters the medulla

  Proximal Convoluted Tubule
• This is a part of the Nephron

  Contains thin descending (water reabsorption) and thin ascending (salt reabsorption) limbs

  Loop of Henle
• This is a part of the Nephron

  Consist of a thick straight part ascending from the loop of henle back into the cortex and a convoluted part completely in the cortex

  Distal Convoluted Tubule
• This is a part of the Nephron

  A short minor part linking the nephron to collecting ducts

  Connecting Tubule
• Write the blood circulation of the kidneys in order

  Renal Artery  → Segmental Artery  → Interlobar Artery  → Arcuate Artery  → Interlobular Artery  → Afferent Arteriole  → Glomerulus  → Efferent Arteriole  → Peritubular Capillaries, Vasa Recta  → Interlobular Vein  → Arcuate Vein  → Interlobar Vein  → Renal Vein
• This is a type of Renal Function of the Kidneys;

  Water and solutes in the blood leave the vascular space and enter the lumen of the nephron

  Glomerular Filtration
• This is a type of Renal Function of the Kidneys;

  Substances move from the tubular lumen across the epithelium into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries

  Tubular Reabsorption
• This is a type of Renal Function of the Kidneys;

  Substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens, usually after uptake from the surrounding interstitium and capillaries

  Tubular Secretion
• Indicate what it is: Renal Function

  • Filter the blood (glomerular filtration)
  • Reabsorb the useful stuff (tubular reabsorption)
  • Add extra waste to the urine (tubular secretion)
  • Final product = urine, which flows to the bladder for removal
• Renal Corpuscles & Blood Filtration

  This is the initial blood-filtering component of the nephron in the kidney initiating the process of urine formation

  Renal Corpuscles
• Renal Corpuscles & Blood Filtration Main Structures;

  A dense network of fenestrated capillaries (tiny blood vessels with pores)

  Glomerulus
• Renal Corpuscles & Blood Filtration Main Structures;

  A double-walled, cup-like sac surrounding the glomerulus

  Bowman's Capsule
• What epithelium is the Parietal (outer) layer of the Bowman's Capsule made of?

  Simple Squamous Epithelium
• What epithelium is the Visceral (inner) layer of the Bowman's Capsule made of?

  podocytes
• Renal Corpuscles & Blood Filtration;

  * Specialized epithelial cells in the renal corpuscle that play a crucial role in blood filtration

  * Wrap around the glomerular capillaries and form an essential part of the filtration barrier in the kidneys

  Podocytes
• These are special filtering cells in the kidney that make sure only the right substances get filtered into urine

  Podocytes
• Renal Corpuscles & Blood Filtration;

  A highly selective, three-layered structure in the renal corpuscle that allows the passage of water and small solutes while preventing the loss of blood cells and plasma proteins

  Glomerular Filtration Barrier
• What are the three layers of the GLomerular Filtration Barrier?

  Fenestrated Endothelium (of Glomerular Capillaries)

  Glomerular Basement Membrane

  Podocyte Filtration Slits
• Renal Corpuscles & Blood Filtration;

  These are specialized cells in the glomerulus that provide structural support, regulate blood flow, remove waste through phagocytosis, and secrete signaling molecules to help maintain kidney function.

  Mesangial Cells
• 
  

  This is located in the renal cortex, right after the Bowman's capsule. It reabsorbs most of the filtered water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes back into the blood, helping the body retain important substances while starting the process of forming urine. This also secretes hydrogen ions (H⁺), creatinine, ammonia, and certain drugs or toxins into the tubule to help regulate blood pH and remove waste products.

  Proximal Convoluted Tubule
• What are the metabolic functions of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

  Ammoniagenesis and Gluconeogenesis
• This is a U-shaped tubule in the nephron that creates a concentration gradient in the kidney medulla, enabling water conservation and urine concentration

  Loop of Henle
• This is a structure of Loop of Henle where its function is for Passive water reabsorption

  Descending Limb (Thin Segment)
• This is a structure of the Loop of Henle where its function is for both active and passive salt reabsorption

  Ascending Limb
• This is a segment of the nephron located between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct

  Distal Convoluted Tubule