PR 1

• systematic process geared towards working on exhaustive inquiry, investigation, or experimentation with the aim of finding new facts (knowledge) in

  explaining the problems associated with our day-to-day relations with our environments

  (social, natural, political, economics) and coming up with solutions in facing them.

  Research
• To inform action, To generate a theory, To augment knowledge


  Purpose of Research
• Knowledge production, governance, and provide useful information in the form of verified data


  Objectives of Research
• based on direct experience or observation by the researcher; it includes data gathering

  Empirical Research
• based on valid procedures and principles; it should be reasonable.

  Logical research
• research starts with a problem and ends with a problem

  Cyclical Research
• utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, or case study

  Analytical Research
• research designs and procedures are replicated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

  Replicability
• research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

  Critical Research
• Emphasizes human experiences as basis for exploratory and reflective thinking.

  John Dewey’s Theory of Connected Experiences
• Stresses the essence of provocation and scaffolding in learning (learning based on age/proximal level)

  Lev Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development
• Focuses on a person's own interpretative thinking/ getting information. 


  Jerome Bruner’s Theory on Learner’s Varied World Perceptions
• the habit or practice of non-prejudicial and uncompromising analysis and inquiry, thinking from multiple perspectives, and adopting positions considering all available information. 


  Critical Thinking
• When deciding what the main issue/ problem is. The requirement of having a focus is highly encouraged so that researchers take on a topic that is highly interesting to them

  Focus
• the freest source of knowledge; you can find the answers to your questions just by experience. 


  experience
• people often seek knowledge from someone who has had an experience with the problem or has some other source of expertise


  authority
• a thinking process in which a person proceeds from general to specific statements using prescribed rules of logic


  deductive reasoning
• An investigator should establish general conclusions based on facts gathered through direct observation from specific to general 


  inductive reasoning
• also known as the inductive-deductive method. Differs from the inductive reasoning that in that it uses hypotheses. 


  Scientific approach
• from daily ideas and confusions that arise from professional challenges often yield significant areas of inquiry.


  Professional experience
• research topics can also be found or come from publications and newsletters.


  professional trends
• professional journals that are available to the public provide an overview of the important studies that are being conducted in a topic area of

  interest.


  public research
• Observations of what’s happening right now in society offer research opportunities

  societal trends
• an inquiry related to theory development is intended to substantiate the theory and advance its development or modify it

  existing theory
• an issue, difficulty, contradiction, or knowledge gap that you want to address in your research (McCombes, 2020). According to Kebritchi (2017), there are two sources where a research problem can be found.

  Research Question
• two sources where a research problem can be found

  real life, scholarly arena
• Deals with questions of quality that pertain to characteristics or descriptions. Also refers to what, how, when, and where it is. Usually, Qualitative research answers the questions “What” or “Why.” 


  Qualitative research
• it is a systematic and empirical investigation of observable phenomena using statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. Usually answers the questions “How Many?” and “What is the relationship/difference between them?”


  Quantitative research
• A type of research wherein the researcher collects both quantitative and qualitative data.

  Mixed methods research
• Instruments use more flexible, repetitive style of getting and categorizing responses to questions Uses semi-structured methods.


  Qualitative research
• Instruments use a more rigid style of obtaining and categorizing responses to questions. Uses highly structured methods .


  Quantitative research
• The difference of quantitative and qualitative is that quantitative describes variation while qualititative quantifies variation.

  False
• Its data are measures of 'types. ___________ data are data about categorical variables.

  Qualitative
• Data are measures of values. ____________ data are data about numeric values.

  Quantitative
• Study design of quantitative is _________ from beginning to end.

  Stable
• Study design of qualitative is ______, that is, data collection and research questions.

  Iterative
• Use of collected data to develop new theories.

  Grounded Theory
• Researchers immerse themselves in a particular culture or ethnographic group to describe and understand their cultures.

  ethnography
• Objective; the researcher is an observer who looks in on a culture without taking part in it.


  Etic approach
• Subjective; the researcher participates in the ethnographic group. Observation is done from within the culture.


  Emic approach