Origin and history

• Evolution of globalization


  • Silk Roads (1st century BC-5th century AD, & 13th-14th centuries AD
  • Spice Routes (7th-15th century)
  • Age of Discovery (15th-18th century)
  • 1st Wave of Globalization (19th century-1914)
  • 2nd & 3rd Wave of Globalization (1945-2008)
  • Globalization (2009-present)
• Silk Road


  • Brought high-end goods from China to Rome, initiating the first International Trade.

  • Dominance of two large empires (Chinese and Roman)
• Spice Route

  • Trade and commerce have moved goods and services over the globe, known as globalization

  • united East and West

  • allowed for the interchange of products, civilization, and ideas

  • dominance of Islamic traders
• Age of Discovery

  • Unintentional discovery of Americas by European explorers

  • Magellan's circumnavigation

  • isn't visualize as true example of globalization
• 1st wave of Globalization


  • supremacy of Great Britain propelled (geographically & technologically) • inventions like steam engine & industrial weaving machine • exports increased from 6% to 14% of global GDP • invention of steamships, railroads & refrigerated cargo ships

  • meat exports (Argentina & Uruguay) • occurrence of colonialism of Africa

  • exploitation of workers in industrialized countries
• 2nd wave of Globalization

  • global trade started to rise once again trade once again rose to 1914 • in 1989 export once again counted for 14% of global GDP steep rise in middle-class incomes in the West
• Global trade started to rise once again after 1914
• In 1989, exports once again counted for 14% of global GDP
• There was a steep rise in middle-class incomes in the West
• When the wall dividing East and West fell in Germany, and the Soviet Union collapsed, globalization became an all-conquering force
• The newly created World Trade Organization (WTO) encouraged nations all over the world to enter into free-trade agreements, and most of them did, including many newly independent ones
• The US set the tone and led the way, but many others benefited in their slipstream from the Third Industrial Revolution, the internet, which connected people all over the world in an even more direct way
• In the 2000s, global exports reached a milestone, as they rose to about a quarter of global GDP
• More people than ever before belong to the global middle class
• Hundreds of millions achieved that status by participating in the global economy
• Globalization 4.0


  • digital economy is made possible by technologies •e-commerce, digital services, 3D printing, and artificial intelligence • two main world powers (US and China) . cross-border and cyberattacks climate change • exports worldwide stagnated .US is renouncing its position as the protector of world trade

  • simpler for individuals & businesses to transact business internationally • more multinational enterprises, global supply chains & more integrated global economy