Transformation of Graphs

• y = f(x)

  Normal
• y = f(x) + a

  Graph moves vertically a units
• y = f (x + a)

  Graph moves horizontally -a units
• y = -f(x)

  Graph is reflected in the x axis (flipped vertically)
• y = f (-x)

  Graph is reflected in the y axis (flipped horizontally / moved to the right)