funda lec

• Health

  A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity - WHO
• Florence Nightingale: 'Health is a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent'
• US President’s commission on health needs of the nation: 'Health is not a condition; it is an adjustment. It is not a state but is a process, the process adapts the individual not only to the physical but also our social environment'
• Talcott Parsons: 'Health is the ability to maintain roles'
• Health is a highly individual perception
• Health is being free from symptoms of disease and pain as much as possible
• Health is being able to be active and do what one wants
• Health is being in good spirit most of the time
• Health is an ongoing process, a way of life, through which a person develops and encourages every aspect of the body, mind, and feelings to interrelate harmoniously as much as possible
• Well-being

  A subjective perception of vitality and feeling well
• Basic aspects of wellness

  • Self-responsibility
  • Ultimate goal
  • A dynamic and growing process
  • Daily decision making - nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care, and emotional health
  • Whole-being of individual
• Seven components of wellness

  • Intellectual
  • Physical
  • Occupational
  • Social
  • Spiritual
  • Environmental
  • Emotional
• Models of health and wellness include the Health and Illness Continuum
• Models of health and wellness include the High-Level Wellness Grid
• Agent-Host-Environment Model (Ecologic Model) by Leavell and Clark 1965
• Agent-Host-Environment Model (ECOLOGIC MODEL) was developed by Leavell and Clark in 1965
• The Agent-Host-Environment Model is primarily used in predicting illness rather than promoting health
• Agent-Host-Environment Model

  1. Constant interaction of agent, host, and environment results in an everchanging state of health

  2. Variables are balanced, health is maintained; when imbalanced, disease occurs
• Agent

  • Any environmental factor or stressor that can lead to illness or disease
• Host

  • Person who may or may not be at risk of acquiring the disease; influenced by family history, age, and lifestyle habits
• Environment

  • All factors external to the host that may predispose the person to the development of disease
• Factors in the Physical Environment

  • Climate, living conditions, sound (noise levels), economic level
• Factors in the Social Environment

  • Interaction with others, life events (e.g., death of spouse)
• In the Clinical Model, people are viewed as physiological systems with interrelated functions, and health is identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury
• In the Role Performance Model, health is defined as an individual's ability to fulfill societal roles, such as work
• In the Adaptive Model, health is seen as a creative process, and disease is a failure in adaptation or mal-adaptation
• In the Eudaimonistic Model, health is viewed as the actualization or realization of a person's potential
• Illness in the Eudaimonistic Model is a condition that prevents self-actualization
• Variables influencing health status, beliefs, and practices include genetic make-up, sex, age, developmental level, mind-body interactions, self-concept, lifestyle choices, spiritual and religious beliefs, environment, standards of living, family and cultural beliefs
• Health behaviors are the actions people take to understand their health state, maintain an optimal state of health, prevent illness and injury, and reach their maximum physical and mental potential
• Internal variables influencing health status include genetic make-up, sex, age, developmental level, mind-body interactions, self-concept, lifestyle choices, spiritual and religious beliefs
• External variables influencing health status include environment, standards of living, family and cultural beliefs
• Environmental hazards

  • Radiation (x-ray/UV light)
  • Greenhouse effect
  • Pesticides
  • Herbicides
• Factors affecting standards of living


  • Occupation
  • Income
  • Education
  • Hygiene
  • Food habits
  • Ability to seek health care
  • Environmental conditions
  • Occupational beliefs
• Family and cultural beliefs

  • Patterns of daily living and lifestyle
  • Culture and social interactions
  • Culture
• Social support networks

  • Family
  • Friends
  • Confidants
• Health Belief Models
• HEALTH LOCUS CONTROL MODEL
• Locus of control

  Used to determine whether clients are likely to take action regarding health. Under their control or others
• Locus of control types

  • Internals
  • Externals