OXIDATION

• IS THE OXIDISING AGENT ALWAYS REDUCED OR OXIDISED?

  reduced
• WHAT IS THE MAIN OXIDISING AGENT OF ALCOHOLS?

  acidified potassium dichromate
• WHAT IS THE FORMULA OF ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE?

  K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (or Cr2O7(2-)/H+)
• WHAT COLOUR SOLUTION IS ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE?

  orange
• WHAT COLOUR DOES ACIDIFED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE TURN WHEN IT IS REDUCED?

  green
• WHAT IS THE CHANGE OF ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE WHEN REDUCED?

  Cr (VI) to Cr (III)
• ARE TERTIARY ALCOHOLS OXIDISED UNDER THE EFFECT OF ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE?

  no
• WHY ARE TERTIARY ALCOHOLS NOT OXIDISED UNDER THE EFFECT OF ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE?

  OH group must be attached to a C with a H attached for oxidation
• WHAT COLOUR CHANGE WOULD TERTIARY ALCOHOLS SHOW UNDER THE EFFECT OF ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE?

  no colour change
• ARE SECONDARY ALCOHOLS OXIDISED UNDER THE EFFECT OF ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE?

  yes (easily)
• WHAT ARE SECONDARY ALCOHOLS OXIDISED TO?

  ketones
• CAN KETONES BE FURTHER OXIDISED?

  no
• WHAT IS THE SYMBOL FOR AN OXIDISING AGENT?

  [O]
• WHAT IS FORMED WHEN SECONDARY ALCOHOLS ARE OXIDISED INTO KETONES?

  water
• WHAT COLOUR CHANGE IS SHOWN WHEN SECONDARY ALCOHOLS ARE OXIDISED UNDER THE EFFECT OF ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE?

  orange to green
• WHAT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS DO KETONES HAVE?

  C=O
• WHERE ARE KETONES FUNCTIONAL GROUPS FOUND?

  not end of chain
• ARE PRIMARY ALCOHOLS OXIDISED UNDER THE EFFECT OF ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE?

  yes
• WHAT ARE PRIMARY ALCOHOLS OXIDISED INTO?

  aldehydes -> carboxylic acids
• CAN ALDEHYDES BE FURTHER OXIDISED?

  yes
• WHAT ARE ALDEHYDES FURTHER OXIDISED INTO?

  carboxylic acids
• HOW ARE PRIMARY ALCOHOLS OXIDISED INTO ALDEHYDES?

  distillation
• HOW ARE PRIMARY ALCOHOLS OXIDISED INTO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS?

  reflux
• WHAT IS THE COLOUR CHANGE WHEN PRIMARY ALCOHOLS ARE OXIDISED BY ACIDIFIED POTASSIUM DICHROMATE?

  orange to green
• HOW ARE PRIMARY ALCOHOLS TESTED TO SEE IF THEY HAVE OXIDISED INTO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS?

  litmus paper (will turn red)
• WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF ALDEHYDES?

  CHO
• WHERE IS THE C=O FOUND ON ALDEHYDES?

  end of chain
• CONDITIONS FOR SIMPLE OXIDATION OF PRIMARY ALCOHOLS?

  • reduce amount of oxidising agent
  • distil immediately before condensing
  • keep distillate at lower temperatures
• HOW CAN YOU REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF OXIDISING AGENT ADDED DURING AN EXPERIMENT?

  add dropwise
• CONDITIONS FOR FURTHER OXIDIATION?

  • more oxidising agent
  • reflux rather than distillation
• WHAT DOES REFLUX ALLOW FOR IN COMPARISON TO DISTILLATION?

  product to condense back into mixture (rate of reaction increases whilst stopping reactants/ products from evaporating)