CULTURAL VARIATION

• WHAT IS AN INDIVIDUALIST CULTURE?

  culture that focuses on independence and the individual
• WHAT IS A COLLECTIVIST CULTURE?

  culture that focuses on the group and collective
• WHAT IS A META-ANALYSIS?

  study that analyses other studies and looks for differences/ similarities between them
• WHAT IS AN IMPOSED ETIC?

  trying to apply a technique designed for one culture to another culture
• WHAT ARE INTERCULTURAL DIFFERENCES?

  differences between different cultures
• WHAT ARE INTRACULTURAL DIFFERENCES?

  differences within cultures
• WHO CARRIED OUT THE STUDY ONTO CULTURAL VARIATION IN ATTACHMENT?

  van IJzendoorn and Krooneberg
• WHAT WAS THE AIM OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  investigate variation in attachment styles between cultures
• WHAT WAS THE RESEARCH METHOD OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  meta-analysis
• WHAT TYPE OF DATA WAS USED IN VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  secondary, quantitative data
• WHAT WAS THE SAMPLE OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  results of 32 studies using strange situation to measure attachment across 8 different cultures
• PROCEDURE OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  1. Collated data from 32 studies
  2. Worked out percentage of each attachment type within each culture
  3. To draw conclusions about variations between each of the 8 cultures
  4. Also compared percentage of attachment types between studies within same cultures
  5. To draw conclusions about variations within cultures
• WHAT WAS THE MOST SECURE ATTACHMENT TYPE IN ALL CULTURES IN VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  secure
• WHERE HAD THE HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF SECURE ATTACHMENTS OF ALL CULTURES IN VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  Britain
• WHERE HAD THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF INSECURE RESISTANT ATTACHMENTS IN ALL CULTURES IN VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  Israel and Japan
• WHERE HAD THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF INSECURE AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT IN ALL CULTURES IN VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  Germany
• WHAT WERE GREATER IN VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY, INTERCULTURAL OR INTRACULTURAL DIFFERENCES?

  intracultural
• HOW MUCH GREATER WERE INTRACULTURAL DIFFERENCES THAN INTERCULTURAL IN VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  1.5 times
• CONCLUSIONS OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  • universal characteristics which underpin infant and caregiver interactions
  • however, child-rearing practices vary within and between cultures
• STRENGTHS OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  • cross cultural study contained variety of samples from different cultures
  • researchers were standardised with regards to only comparing studies that used strange situation
• BENEFIT OF THE RESEARCHERS BEING STANDARDISED IN VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  • highly controlled method
  • easy for replication of technique
  • reliable
  • findings can be relied upon for clear comparisons
• BENEFIT OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY BEING CROSS CULTURAL WITH A VARIETY OF SAMPLES?

  • increases population validity
  • findings can be generalised to wider population
• WEAKNESSES OF VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY?

  • Strange Situation is a Western technique
  • study was a meta-analysis
• PROBLEMS CAUSED BY VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY USING A WESTERN TECHNIQUE?

  • not appropriate to impose on different cultures
  • Takashi comments causes too much stress on Japanese infants (norm to avoid stress and separation during infancy)
  • findings may be misleading
  • observation may not be a valid form of measuring attachment in all cultures
• PROBLEMS CAUSED BY VAN IJZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG'S STUDY BEING A META-ANALYSIS?

  • possibility various teams carried out technique slightly differently
  • all methods are inconsistent
  • comparing findings would be pointless
  • results would lack validity
• EXAMPLE OF ANOTHER RESEARCHER WHO USED STRANGE SITUATION?

  Simonella et al
• SAMPLE SIZE OF SIMONELLA ET AL?

  76, 12-month olds
• WHERE DID SIMONELLA CONDUCT RESEARCH?

  Italy
• WHAT TECHNIQUE DID SIMONELLA USE?

  Strange Situation
• WHAT PERCENTAGE OF INFANTS WERE SECURE IN SIMONELLA'S STUDY?

  50% (lower than other countries)
• WHAT PERCENTAGE OF INFANTS WERE INSECURE AVOIDANT IN SIMONELLA'S STUDY?

  36% (higher than other countries)
• WHY MIGHT SIMONELLA'S RESULTS BE DIFFERENT?

  increase in working parents and extremely young childcare
• WHY IS SIMONELLA'S STUDY BIASED?

  culturally biased and lacks temporal validity
• HOW IS SIMONELLA'S STUDY CULTURALLY BIASED?

  technique developed in America
• HOW DOES SIMONELLA'S STUDY LACK TEMPORAL VALIDITY?

  not good measure of attachment in modern society with less anxious children