LE 1 REVIEWER

• Chemistry describes matter (its properties, the changes it undergoes, the energy that accompanies those changes)
• Matter


  Anything that has mass and occupies space
• Energy


  The capacity to do work or to transfer heat
• Potential energy


  Energy due to the position of the object or energy from a chemical reaction
• Kinetic energy


  Energy due to the motion of the object
• Potential and kinetic energy can be interconverted
• Properties of Matter

  • Physical property: exhibited by a substance by itself, without changing into or interacting with another substance
  • Chemical property: exhibited by a substance as it changes into or interacts with another substance
• Physical property


  Dependent on the amount of the substance present (volume and mass)
• Intensive Property

  Independent of the amount of the substance present (color and melting point)
• Chemical property


  Exhibited by a substance as it changes into or interacts with another substance (e.g. flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with acids)
• Physical change

  When a substance alters its physical form, not its composition (e.g. phase change, cutting an object into pieces)
• Chemical change


  When a substance is converted into a different substance (e.g. combustion, oxidation, hydrolysis)
• States of Matter: Solid - rigid, Liquid - flows, Gas - fills any container completely
• New States of Matter

  • Plasma
  • Liquid-Crystal
  • Bose-Einstein Condensate
• Measurement of Matter

  • Accuracy: closeness of the obtained measurement to the true value
  • Precision: closeness of obtained measurements to each other
• Significant Figures: All non-zero numbers are significant
• Significant Figures: Leading zeros are never significant
• Significant Figures: Trailing zeroes may be significant
• Significant Figures: Embedded zeroes are always significant
• Significant Figures on Addition/Subtraction: the number of decimal places in the sum/difference should be equal to the lowest number of decimal places in the addends/minuend and subtrahend
• Imbedded zeroes are always significant
• Law of Conservation of Mass
• Law of Definite Composition
• Law of Multiple Proportions
• Law of Conservation of Energy
• Dalton's Atomic Theory
• Physical Property

  • Length
  • Volume
  • Mass
  • Density
  • Percent Composition
  • Specific Gravity
  • Heat
  • Temperature
• Length

  The distance from one point to another
• Volume

  The space occupied by matter
• Mass

  The measure of the quantity of matter a body contains
• Density


  An intensive property that relates two extensive properties: mass and volume
• Percent Composition

  Percent of a component in relation to the total mass of the compound
• Specific Gravity

  (density of substance/density of water) [unitless]
• Heat

  A form of energy that always flows spontaneously from a hotter body to a colder body
• Temperature


  Measure of the intensity of heat
• Kelvin (K) is the “absolute temperature scale” begins at absolute 0 and only has positive values
• Conversion of Temperature: T (in K) = T (in °C) + 273.15, T (in °C) = T (in K) - 273.15, T (in °F) = (9/5) T (in °C) + 32, T (in °C) = [T (in °F) – 32] (5/9)
• Composition of Matter

  • Pure Substances
  • Elements
  • Compounds
  • Mixtures
• Pure Substances


  Fixed composition, cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical methods, can only be changed in identity and properties by chemical methods, properties do not vary
• Elements

  Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes