AgEx Lecture

• Similar or associated with Agricultural Extension


  • Technology transfer
  • Technology dissemination and utilization
  • Technology marketing
  • Community development / service
  • Community outreach
• Agricultural Extension


  • One of the major fields in BSA curriculum; a field of specialization
  • Kind of work
  • Anchored on accepted theories and set of principles
  • Science-based and guided by a philosophy
  • One of the major programs of agencies
  • Basically a form of service to humanity
• Agricultural Extension


  1. Service and system which assist farm people through educational procedures in improving farming methods and techniques, increasing production efficiency and income and improving their standard

  2. Application of scientific research and new knowledge to farm practices
• Extension Concepts: Emerging Trends


  • Different perspectives of extension:
  • One of the major programs of agencies in disseminating agricultural technologies
  • Address pressing problems
  • Approved program that involves human, technical, financial, physical, and other resources
  • Involve the processes of education, communication, and diffusion in transferring new technologies from research agencies to target clients
  • Conducted outside offices/university are heterogeneous: farm, home, school, various workplaces
  • Need competent, committed, and credible personnel with passion to perform service to people
• Major components of extension programs of offices/agencies

  • Purpose/aims/goals/objectives
  • Program/projects
  • Personnel
  • Processes/strategies
  • Policies and rules
  • Plan
  • Budgetary requirement
• Agencies performing Agricultural Extension

  • International organization: USAID, FAO, UNICEF
  • Government agencies: National, Regional, Provincial, City/Municipal
  • Non-government organization
  • Private sectors/business organization
  • Civic, social, religious, and fraternal organization
  • Legal and registered organization
  • Others
• Kinds of Extension Services

  • Direct services
  • Indirect services
  • Agricultural
  • Non-agricultural
• Major program of CLSU

  • Academic
  • Research & Extension
  • Business
  • Administration
• R & D Centers

  • Technical/research
  • Training and Technology Promotion
  • Instructional Materials/Knowledge (IEC - Information, Education, Communication)
  • Administrative Service
  • Special Projects
  • Others
• Extension Services/Function


  • Technology promotion
  • FFS - Farmer’s Field School
  • FLS - Farmer’s Livestock School
  • Technical services
  • Information services
  • Marketing assistance
  • Organizing services
  • Credit assistance/services
  • Business assistance
• Extension is anchored on Subsystem Theory

  • Goals and values subsystem
  • Structural subsystem
  • Psychosocial subsystem
  • Technical subsystem
  • Managerial subsystem
• Target Groups


  • Agriculture sector: farmer
  • LGU personnel: MAO, MENRO, MSWD, MHO
  • Poor: 4P’s, marginalized sector, IP’s, upland dwellers
  • In-school pupils, out school youth, women
  • POs: organized groups e.g. coops, association
  • NGO
• External Environments


  • LGU’s: Provincial, Municipal/City, Brgy
  • Economic: Market, Credit institutions/Bank, Input supplies
  • Social: School, Hospitals, Organizations, Fraternities
  • Ecosystem: Lowland, Upland, Forest
  • Others
• Philosophy


  • Comes from the Greek word; Philia - love, Sophia - wisdom/knowledge
  • Philosophy is the love of wisdom/knowledge
  • Deep-seated beliefs
  • Philosophy is science because it is based on human knowledge
• Philosophy of the individual and society

  How an individual understands his own nature and the world around him, how he makes decisions, and the actions he chooses to take are all influenced by the philosophy he develops/adopts
• Deep-seated beliefs


  • Philosophy is science because it is based on human knowledge
  • Provides a better understanding
  • Provides a strong foundation in meeting the demands of his profession
  • Philosophy is a guide for life (Brightman)
  • Philosophy is a process of rational experience
  • Philosophy has a creative function
• Ultimate objective of agriculture is "People Development"
• All extension programs and projects are directed towards the development of Man
• First and foremost: People First
• What are principles?


  • Know/Learn
  • Believe
  • Apply/Guide in Work
  • Dream - Believe - Survive
• Principles of extension


  • Passion - approach your plan with excitement, sense of urgency, and gives energy
  • Creativity - non-traditional way, make a difference
  • Influence - influence others to give the necessary support, finances, technology, time
  • Priorities - the key to prioritized extension work is concentration followed by elimination
  • Flexibility - many good things happen by surprise, not planned
  • Timing - many of our decisions are based on emotions, not only on reality or reasons
  • Teamwork - a worthwhile plan is bigger than your abilities
• Extension principles


  • Problems and needs based
  • Cultural change and cultural differences
  • Pluralism (coordination)
  • Education, communication, and diffusion
  • Variety of approaches and methods
  • Cooperation, complementation
  • Guide-centered programs/projects
  • Learning by doing
  • Science-based technology
  • Holistic approach
  • Integrated approach
  • Climate-smart agriculture technology
  • Market-led production
  • People-led programs
• Goals for agriculture sectors

  • Improve productivity and income
  • Improve business operation
  • Improve competitiveness of agri products
  • Enhanced quality of agri products and services
  • Increase export products
  • Food sufficiency and food security
  • Safe, clean, and healthy foods
  • Protection and preservation of resources
• Hierarchy/Levels of goals


  • VMG University/Agency/Government
  • Extension Office VMG
  • Program Goals
  • Project Goals
  • Personal Goals/Employee's Goals
  • Community/Individual Goals
• Education


  Conceived as a lifelong process of learning, continuing process of bringing about desirable changes in the behavior of human beings which involves a variety of methods and sources
• Three (3) modes of education

  • Informal Education
  • Formal Education
  • Non-formal Education
• Extension


  Educational activity carried on outside the framework of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to particular subgroups in the population, adults as well as children
• Extension Concepts


  • Means to extend, to spread or to disseminate useful information and ideas to rural people outside the regularly organized schools and classrooms
  • Extending of a service or system that extends the educational advantage of an educational institution to persons unable to avail of formal education
  • The role of extension is to bridge the gap between the research system and the client system
  • Extension is a well-planned program of bringing the results of agriculture research and technology to the rural people in many ways in order to bridge the gap between the scientist and the farmer
• Extension Education


  A process of bringing about desirable changes in an individual such as knowledge, skills, and attitudes
• Extension Services


  • Provision of training, information, and support services by government and non-government organizations to the agriculture and fisheries sectors to improve the technical, business, and social capabilities of farmers and fisher folks
• Principles of Extension


  • Principle of cultural difference
  • Principle of cultural change
  • Principle of grassroots approach
  • Principle of cooperation
  • Principle of participation
  • Principle of the use of extension teaching methods
  • Principle of leadership
  • Principle of voluntary education
  • Principle of satisfaction
  • Principle of trained specialists