Study Guide

• beta oxidation removes 2 carbons from a fatty acid to form acetyl-coA
• what are the products of the TCA cycle?

  electron carriers and CO2
• what do beta oxidation and TCA cycle have in common?

  • make products to be used in another pathway
  • reuse e-carriers and cofactors
• what is the results of cytochrome aa3 using e- from cytochrome c to reduce O2?

  conformational change opens proton gate
• where does cytochrome b/c1 get electrons and how does it carry them?

  reduced quinone donates e- to iron-sulfur cluster
• what subunit in F0 component has the proton entry port?

  A
• what subunit in F0 component is neutralized by protons?

  C
• what do aerobic and anaerobic respiration have in common?

  electron transport chain and ATP synthase
• what is the first step of oxidative phosphorylation?

  NADH reductase accepts e- from NADH
• where does NADH reductase donate e- to?

  flavoprotei
• how does flavoprotein use electrons?

  donates to non heme iron and releases protons outside the cell
• what does quinone do in oxidative phosphorylation?

  pick up protons and e-, donate e- to iron sulfur cluster in cytochrome b/c1
• how does cytochrome b/c1 use electrons?

  releases protons outside membrane
• how does cytochrome aa3 get electrons?

  from cytochrome b/c1 via cytochrome c carrier
• what does cytochrome aa3 do with electrons?

  reduce O2 to H2O, causes conformation change to open proton gate
• what is the order of e- carriers in oxidative phosphorylation?

  1. NADH reductase
  2. Flavoprotein
  3. non heme iron
  4. quinone
  5. cytochrome b/c1
  6. cytochrome c
  7. cytochrome aa3
• what do carotenoids protect from?

  reactive byproducts
• what is the most important role of carotenoids?

  quench triple state chlorophyll
• what are light harvesting complexes?

  pigments/proteins that collect light energy
• what is light harvesting complexes role in photosynthesis?

  funnel photons to reaction center, energize electron
• what is the role of the special pair?

  create excited electron
• what excites electron to higher orbital?

  photon (light energy)
• what is chlorosome?

  light harvesting pigment in green bacteria
• what is phycobilisome?

  light harvesting protein in cyanobacteria
• what are the growth modes of purple bacteria?

  photoautolitotroph or photoheterorganotroph
• what is the growth mode of green bacteria?

  photoautolithotroph
• what are the growth modes of cyanobacteria?

  photoautolithotroph or photoheteroorgantroph
• how is retinal based phototrophy similar to photosynthesis?

  • light driven proton gradient
  • light reactive pigment
• how is retinal-based phototrophy different from photosynthesis?

  • no electron transport
  • no cytochrome and quinone
• what are unique features of purple bacteria light harvesting complex?

  • intracytoplasmic membrane
  • core and peripheral complexes
• what are unique features of cyanobacteria light harvesting complex?

  • thylakoid membrane
  • phycobiliproteins
• how do purple bacteria and cyanobacteria regulate in low light?

  • purple bacteria: increase peripheral complexes
  • cyanobacteria: increase phycobiliproteins
• what is unique feature of green bacteria light harvesting complex?

  • chlorosome in crystalline array
• what cytochromes are involved in e- transport in purple bacteria?

  bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriopheophytin
• what is the electron carrier in purple bacteria?

  quinone
• what is the end of e- transport in purple bacteria?

  reduction of NADP to NADPH
• what are the cytochromes in the cyclic path of green bacteria?

  special pair and cytochrome b/c1
• what are the e- carriers in the cyclic path of green bacteria?

  quinone and cytochrome c
• what is the alternate e- transport path in green bacteria?

  donate electrons to Fe-S and reduce NADH
• what are the 2 reaction centers in cyanobacteria and which other bacteria do they correspond to?

  • photosystem 1: green bacteria
  • photosystem 2: purple bacteria