Lesson 7: Pakistan and Bangladesh

• The creation of the autonomous and sovereign national state in northwestern and eastern zones of the Indian subcontinent


  1947
• The name of the new state created in 1947 was Pakistan
• Origin of the name Pakistan

  • P from Punjab
  • A from Afgan (signifying the North-West Frontier Province)
  • K from Kashmir
  • S from Sind
  • Tan from the last syllable of Baluchistan
• Original provinces of Pakistan

  • West Punjab
  • Sind
  • North-West Frontier Province
  • East Bengal (later named East Pakistan)
• In 1971, East Pakistan gained independence and formed Bangladesh with West Bengal
• The literature of Pakistan and Bangladesh, particularly poetry, is greatly influenced by Islamic mysticism or Sufism
• Urdu


  A language that has enriched thought and literature
• Muhammad Iqbal, a native of Punjab, was a famous Urdu poet who inspired Muslims with a new sense of their cultural distinctiveness and a feeling of destiny
• Many species of parrots are prized for their ability to repeat words or learn complicated tricks
• Some parrots can use human words or symbols to communicate feelings such as hunger, fear, or boredom
• The talking parrot is a favorite character in Asian folklore
• Folklore includes legends, myths, fables, and stories passed along in the oral tradition
• Folklore stories entertain and keep the past alive, reflecting beliefs, traditions, and values of society
• Mumtaz Mufti: 'Mumtaz Mufti is a veteran writer'
• Mumtaz Mufti's stories often provide cases for psycho-analysis
• The story "Sister" by Mumtaz Mufti is based on a tradition in Pakistan regarding marriage
• "Sister" is a masterpiece for psychoanalytical study, subtle, dignified, and with a clean atmosphere
• "Sister" is narrated in the first person point of view, a literary technique
• The narrator in the story "Sister" is a character in the story, using the first person point of view as a literary technique
• Psychoanalysis


  A literary technique delving into character behavior to explain cause-effect relationships, influenced by the psychologies of Carl Gustav Jung and Sigmund Freud
• Jung, a psychiatrist, founded analytical psychology and viewed symbol creation as important in understanding human nature
• Jung explored the correspondence between symbols arising from individual life struggles and symbolic images in cultural and historical systems
• Psychoanalysis emphasizes the central role of the unconscious mind, the irrational, the intuitive, the primitive, and the use of myths
• Psychoanalysis rejects traditional literary exposition, emphasizing internal experience over outward "reality" and replacing traditional chronology with a more subjective order
• Stream of consciousness is a method of literary psychoanalysis
• The narrators of "Bangladesh (East Pakistan): Land of Elephant Roundups and Bengal Tigers" traveled to Bangladesh in 1955 when it was still part of Pakistan
• Pakistan was created in 1947 from predominantly Moslem-occupied areas of India
• The area of Bangladesh is about one-sixth of the area of Pakistan, formerly known as West Pakistan
• A travelog is a talk or written piece on travel, usually illustrated pictorially
• To appreciate a travelog, create mental pictures of the described places and imagine yourself there
• The present tense is used to express a permanent condition, a general truth, a present action, or a future action that is scheduled
• Intonation patterns


  • Rising intonation is used for alternatives with or
  • Rising intonation is used on all items in the series except on the last where rising-falling intonation is used
• Direct Address


  Rising intonation is used for names or words substituted for names addressed directly to the person being spoken to
• Simple Present Tense


  • Used to express a permanent condition, a general truth, a present action, a habitual action, as well as a summary
  • Singular form of the be verb is is; plural form is are
  • All other verbs in the present tense, singular, add -s to the base form; base form is used for the present tense, plural
• Simple Past Tense


  • Used to express past action
  • Regular verbs form the past by adding -d or -ed to the base form; irregular verbs have other ways of forming the past form
• Future Tense


  • Used to indicate future action
  • Formed through the use of shall and will with the base form of the verb
• Progressive Tense


  1. Expresses action that continues over a period of time

  2. To make the progressive form of the verb, always use the -ing form of the verb together with a form of be as a helping verb
• Present progressive tense


  • The sun is hiding behind the clouds
  • Butterflies are flitting from flower to flower
  • One of my classmates is writing
  • I am listening to the discussion
• Past progressive tense


  • I was studying in the library yesterday
  • My neighbors were cleaning their yards last Sunday
• Future progressive tense


  • My new classmate will be making friends tomorrow
  • I will be painting the house next month