🌍Environmental Pathology🌍

• Human activity a major contributor of Global Climate Change
• main ingredients of the greenhouse effect are carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and water vapor
• recent increases greenhouse effect because of combustion of hydrocarbon in automobiles and energy plants
• the normal concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is 420 ppm
• the effect of deforestation is decreased carbon sequestration by tree
• effects of CLIMATE CHANGE:

  • Desertification and land degradation
  • Freshwater decline
  • Biodiversity loss and ecosystem function
  • Stratospheric ozone depletion
• effects of GLOBAL WARMING:

  • loss of reflective snow and ice
  • temperature rise
  • sea level rise
  • increased water vapor in the atmosphere
  • extreme hydrologic cycle
  • weather disaster
• the potential health effects of climate change include: increased risk of disease, increased risk of flooding, increased risk of drought
• temperature rise🚨 can affect human health such as heat stress, cardiovascular failure, and respiratory failure.
• the effect of severe weather:

  • injuries
  • fatalities
  • died
  • damage to health infrastructure
  • increased risk infectious disease
• 🦟vector-borne diseases are spread by vectors, such as mosquitos, rodents, and fleas. for example Malaria, Dengue, Hantavirus,etc
• water-borne diseases💧 are spread by water, such as cholera and typhoid are caused by bacteria.
• 🌋Common pollutant in outdoor are:

  • Sulfur Dioxide
  • Nitrogen Dioxide
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Lead poison
  • Particulate matter that can produce SMOG
• 🏡Common Pollutants in Indoor:

  • Tobacco smoke
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Asbestos
  • Poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
• Ground Level Ozone

  1. Ozone that accumulates in the lower atmosphere
  2. Formed by the reaction of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic in the presence of sunlight
  3. Due to industrial emissions and motor vehicle exhaust
• Environmental Effects Of Ozone Depletion

  • Climate Change 🌍
  • Increased UV-B radiation☄
  • worsening air pollution and acid rain☔
  • Increased skin cancer (Melanoma)��
  • increased cataracts and blindness��
  • crop and forest damage��
  • loss of ocean plankton🐟🐠
• if hemoglobin 20%-30$ saturated with Carbon Monoxide

  systemic Hypoxia
• Major Sources of Lead

  house paints, gasoline, mining, foundries, batteries, and toys
• Subclinical Lead poisoning may occur in children exposed to level

  below 10 µg/dL
• The effect of Lead Poisoning on human health

  • Increased blood pressure
  • cardiovascular disease
  • anemia
  • decreased renal function
  • memory problem
  • abdominal pain
  • weak wrists or ankle
• Three forms of mercury:

  1. Metalic mercury (elemental mercury)
  2. Inorganic mercury compounds (mercuric chloride)
  3. organic mercury (methyl mercury)
• Minamata Disease

  disease caused by severe mercury poisoning. 
• Metal pollution

  1. Lead poison
  2. Mercury
  3. Arsenic
  4. Cadmium
• Chronic exposure to arsenic can increase the risk for the development of cancers such as basal, lung, bladder, kidney, and liver.
• Skin damage due to arsenic exposure are hyperkeratosis, pigment change, skin lesions, keratosis.
• Acute exposure to chloroform and carbon tetrachloride especially in people who work at dry cleaning agents can cause

  cause

  headaches, asthma, dizziness, eye/skin irritation, CNS depression
• Mineral dust can cause chronic non-neoplastic lung disease called Pneumoconiosis
• The most common exogenous cause of human cancer is cigarette smoking.
• what would happen if I stopped smoking?

  Significantly reduces within 5 years the overall mortality and the risk of death from CV diseases and Decreases lung cancer mortality by 21%.
• The most common diseases caused by cigarette smoking

  1. Emphysema
  2. Chronic bronchitis
  3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  4. Lung cancer
• 💉Cocaine is derived from the leaves of the coca plant. It usually appears as a white crystalline powder. Commonly snorted, smoked, or injected.
• Effects of Cocaine

  Cocaine is a powerful stimulant that produces intense euphoria, increased energy, and heightened alertness. However, it can also cause anxiety, paranoia, and heart-related issues.
• Heroine is derived from morphine, which itself comes from the opium poppy plant. typically found as a brown or white powder or a black sticky substance. Users inject heroin with a needle, although some may smoke or snort it.
• Health risk of heroin consumption

  Regular heroin use can lead to tolerance, dependence, and severe health complications, including infectious diseases, heart infections, and overdose.
• Morphine vs Heroin

  Morphine is less potent than heroin and is used medically(to treat acute or chronic moderate-to-severe pain), whereas heroin is illicit and more toxic in higher doses.
• Amphetamines


  are a group of synthetic stimulant drugs that affect the central nervous system. They primarily work by increasing the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain.
• The Effects of Amphetamines

  • increase alertness, energy, and focus
  • reduce appetite
  • euphoria
  • high potential for addiction
  • anxiety
  • CV issues
• MDMA (ecstasy)

  MDMA produces an energizing effect, altered sensations, increased empathy, and pleasure. MDMA is taken as a pill (ecstasy) or in crystal form (molly or mandy).
• Non-ionizing Radiation Injury

  UV and infrared light, microwave and sound waves
• UV-A is most common and causes skin aging and wrinkling. Tanning beds usually use UVA rays.