Marxist

• Who argues that capitalism is responsible for crime committed by working-class people?

  Gordon
• What does the term "criminogenic" mean in relation to capitalism?

  Crime is a natural consequence of capitalism
• What are some facts of life for those at the bottom of capitalist society?

  Poverty, unemployment, and homelessness
• How does Gordon view crime committed by poorer people?

  As a rational response to inequalities
• What does Chambliss argue capitalism is based upon?

  Competition, selfishness, and greed
• What cultural values have become more important due to capitalism?

  Consumerism, individualism, and materialism
• How does the media contribute to crime according to the study material?

  By emphasizing celebrity and material success
• What motivates the rich and powerful to commit white-collar crime?

  The need to win and make a profit
• What does the capitalist emphasis on wealth create among poorer sections of society?

  A culture of envy and resentment
• What types of crime may be fueled by failure and humiliation under capitalism?

  Non-economic crime like drug addiction
• How do middle-class men (saints) differ in their treatment by authorities compared to working-class men (rough-necks)?

  Saints negotiate their way out of trouble
• What is white-collar crime according to Croall?

  Fraud for personal financial gain
• Who commits corporate crimes?

  People who run companies
• What is the goal of corporate criminals?

  To benefit the company, not self-enrichment
• What makes white-collar crime difficult to estimate and investigate?

  Use of status and power to cover up
• Why are companies reluctant to report white-collar crime?

  It generates bad publicity and loss of confidence
• What is state crime according to Pourtney?

  A third type of white-collar crime
• How do Marxists view the law in relation to social class?

  It criminalizes working-class deviance
• What does Goldstraw's research suggest about corporate crime?

  Convicted individuals rarely see themselves as criminals
• What is a criticism of the traditional Marxist approach?

  It ignores non-class variables like ethnicity
• How do some Marxists view the prosecution of the rich and powerful?

  As an ideological way to mislead the public
• How do Marxists view the role of crime in society compared to Functionalists?

  They see it as negative for society
• What do Marxists focus on in their analysis of crime?

  White-collar and corporate crime
• How do Marxists argue the police and CJS operate?

  On behalf of the ruling class
• What does Althusser describe law as part of?

  The ideological state apparatus
• How does the law reflect the interests of the ruling class according to Stephen Box?

  It criminalizes working-class behavior
• How are offences committed by the middle-class treated compared to working-class offences?

  Middle-class offences are weakly enforced
• What is the difference in treatment between benefit fraud and tax fraud?

  Benefit fraud faces court, tax fraud does not
• Who said that the ruling-class can prevent laws not in their interest?

  Stephen Box
• How are deaths from health and safety violations classified according to Box?

  As civil rather than criminal offences
• What does Box argue about the actions of the ruling-class?

  They often harm ordinary people without punishment