Interactionalist

• What is the main focus of Interactionism in relation to deviance?

  It examines how labels affect deviant behavior.
• How can negative labelling affect young people?

  It can lead to feelings of hostility and rebellion.
• What are 'techniques of neutralisation' according to Matza?

  Justifications that prevent a deviant master status.
• How many types of neutralisation did Matza identify?

  Five
• What are the five types of neutralisation identified by Matza?

  • Denial of responsibility
  • Denial of injury
  • Denial of the victim
  • Condemnation of the condemners
  • Appeal to higher loyalties
• What conclusion did Matza reach about youth delinquency?

  Most youth eventually become law-abiding adults.
• What does labelling theory suggest about definitions of deviance?

  They are relative and not fixed or universal.
• What does labelling theory recognize about societal reactions?

  They can have negative consequences for individuals.
• What is a criticism of labelling theory regarding the cause of deviance?

  It doesn't explain why deviance occurs initially.
• What does Ronald Ackers argue about deviant acts?

  The act itself is more important than societal reaction.
• What do Left Realists criticize about labelling theory?

  It romanticizes deviance and neglects victims.
• According to Becker, how are definitions of deviance constructed?

  They are socially constructed by powerful groups.
• What does Becker argue about the imposition of deviant labels?

  They are imposed by the powerful on the powerless.
• What do Interactionists focus on regarding social control agents?

  They observe how agents control powerless groups.
• How does the mass media act as an agent of social control?

  It judges and labels behavior negatively.
• What does Cohen argue about the media's role in deviance?

  It pressures authorities to suppress deviant behavior.
• What is a consequence of labelling individuals as deviant?

  It can create a 'master status' for them.
• What are the two types of deviance identified by Lemert?

  Primary and Secondary Deviance.
• What distinguishes primary deviance from secondary deviance?

  • Primary Deviance: Minor acts unnoticed and unpunished.
  • Secondary Deviance: Acts recognized by others leading to labels.
• What does Lemert argue about society's treatment of criminals?

  It stigmatizes and shuns them, hindering reintegration.
• How does negative labelling affect criminals according to Lemert?

  It leads them to associate with other criminals.