holderness coast

• What is the annual erosion rate of the Holderness coast?

  About 1 meter per year
• What are the consequences of erosion on the Holderness coast?

  Land loss, property damage, and environmental impacts
• What percentage of gas does the Easington gas terminal supply?

  25%
• What types of coastal management strategies are used on the Holderness coast?

  A mix of hard and soft engineering
• What are the hard engineering strategies used in Holderness coastal management?

  • Sea walls
  • Groynes
  • Rock armour
• What are the soft engineering strategies used in Holderness coastal management?

  • Beach nourishment
  • Cliff drainage
• What conflicts can arise from coastal management strategies?

  • Increased erosion in some areas
  • Disputes over sea defense locations
• What is the impact of coastal erosion on the environment and settlements?

  • Loss of land
  • Damage to properties
  • Threats to local ecosystems
• What is the historical significance of land loss on the Holderness coast?

  • 3 miles of land lost since Roman times
• What are the effects of strong winds and destructive waves on coastal erosion?

  • Accelerate erosion rates
  • Contribute to land loss
• How does the Holderness coast manage its coastal erosion issues?

  • Combination of hard and soft engineering
  • Specific strategies at different locations
• What is the focus of episode eight of the coastal landscapes series?

  Holderness and coastal erosion
• Why is the Holderness coast significant in terms of erosion?

  It has the fastest eroding coastline in Europe
• How much coastline does Holderness lose on average each year?

  Nearly two meters
• How much has the Holderness coast retreated since Roman times?

  By four kilometers
• How many villages have been lost to the sea in Holderness?

  At least 29 villages
• What are the three main reasons for the coastline retreating in Holderness?

  Geology, fetch, and longshore drift
• What type of material primarily composes the Holderness coast?

  Boulder clay
• What is boulder clay also known as?

  Glacial till or drift
• Why is boulder clay structurally weak?

  It has little resistance to erosion
• What height do the cliffs at Holderness typically reach?

  Between 5 and 20 meters
• What geological feature has been created at Flamborough Head?

  A headland
• What has created features such as cliffs, arches, and stacks along Holderness?

  Erosion along fault lines and bedding planes
• What does fetch refer to in coastal erosion?

  The distance waves have traveled
• How far is Holderness exposed to winds and waves from the northeast?

  About 500 to 800 kilometers
• What is the Atlantic fetch compared to the fetch affecting Holderness?

  5,000 kilometers or more
• What effect do low-pressure weather systems have on the sea levels?

  They raise sea levels
• How do waves reach the cliffs at Holderness?

  Without being weakened by friction
• What type of particles does boulder clay erode to produce?

  Mainly clay particles
• Why do the beaches at Holderness offer little protection against wave energy?

  They are narrow and lack sand
• What is the main form of mass movement affecting the boulder cliffs at Holderness?

  Slumping
• What causes the cracks in the boulder clay cliffs?

  Expansion and shrinkage from wetting and drying
• What happens to the slumped material at the cliff base?

  It is removed by the sea
• What is terminal groin syndrome?

  It affects beach material flow due to defenses
• When was the first sea wall built in Hornsea?

  In 1870
• How long did the first sea wall last?

  Just six years
• What was built in 1906 in Hornsea?

  A stronger sea wall
• What is the purpose of the T-shaped rock armor at Hornsea?

  To allow beach sediment to accumulate
• What has happened to the cliffs at Mappleton due to coastal defenses?

  They are exposed to wave attack
• What economic impact has coastal erosion had on Margaret Fincham?

  She lost 100 chalets to the sea