unit 2

• diaspora is…

  movement and spreading of a large number of people from one part of the world to another

  in doing so, they transfer culture and establish new cultural community
• during 1800s to early 1900s the uk ruled…

  nearly 25% of the world
• what is an international economic migrant?

  a person who moves voluntarily from one country to another to improve their standard of living
• what are the push factors for economic migrants?

  polluted areas, natural disasters

  lack of education and jobs and diseases

  corruption from government
• what are pull factors for economic migrants?

  better education and job opportunities

  healthcare, workers rights and better wages

  better housing & services

  government democracy
• during Second World War, citizens from colonial countries fought for British forces and after gave their independence back, what are these countries known as?

  commonwealth, organisation of 52 member states established by London declaration in 1949
• what did the declaration of commonwealth allow?

  gave commonwealth ability to migrate to UK under the British nationality act 1948 and British citizens had right to move to other commonwealth countries eg Australia
• what did UK experience in post war period?

  acute labour shortage and invited people from commonwealth to migrate
• what was the first commonwealth diaspora to UK?

  from the caribbean in 1948 on HMS windrush with 492 passengers
• what happened following influx of commonwealth migrants in 1950s?

  commonwealth immigrants act 1962 to restrict those only with a government issued work permit
• what is a case study of role of commonwealth on migration & diversity?

  Birmingham- hosted 2022 commonwealth games and owes lots of migration and diversity to the commonwealth
• what is the case study for economic migrants to UK?

  Eastern Europe to UK
• how many eastern europeans live in UK?

  over 1 million
• when did many people start to migrate from Eastern Europe?

  since 2004 when 8 new countries joined the EU known as A8 countries
• between 2004-2007 how many economic migrants moved to the UK?

  over 800,000 with over 500,000 being from Poland
• what are the links before 2004 between Poland and UK?

  legacy of comradeship in world war 2 and Britain entered world war 2 because of Germany invading Poland
• why was there mass migration of eastern European migration to UK in 2004?

  Poland workers accepted into UK being only 1 of 4 countries doing so
• what is the ratio of male to female polish migrants in the UK?

  60:40
• what % of polish migrants who arrived between 04-06 were aged between 18-44?

  92%
• what are the positive social/cultural impacts for UK from economic migration?

  bring polish culture like food and alcohol

  cheaper foods in supermarkets
• what are the negative social/cultural impacts for UK from economic migration?

  rise in hate crimes towards migration as a whole

  increase in brothels

  not accounted for places having 15,000 immigrants
• what are the positive economic impacts for UK from economic migration?

  contribute to local economy increasing taxes

  filled gap in UK labour

  80% of migrants are working age
• what are the negative economic impacts for UK from economic migration?

  increase in house prices

  less job opportunities

  wages not spent in UK and sent as remittances
• what are the negative environmental impacts for UK from economic migration?

  increased amount of people

  increased waste and pollution

  lack of understanding over waste illegal fly tipping
• what are the negative political impacts for UK from economic migration?

  not all politicians agreed and sent death threats

  creates tension and misunderstanding

  increase far right movements and anti migration policies
• what were some push factors from poland?

  1 in 5 workers were unemployed

  poorer working conditions

  discrimination of religion and ethnicity
• what are some pull factors to the UK?

  improved quality of life and wages

  increased workers rights

  better services, education and healthcare

  improved communications
• what are the positive social/cultural impacts for Poland

  from economic migration?

  culture being spread outside Poland

  migrants can return with new skills

  emancipation of women
• what are the negative social/cultural impacts for Poland

  from economic migration?

  600,000 moved to UK

  ageing population and slowing birth rates

  doubled divorce rate
• what are the positive economic impacts for Poland

  from economic migration?

  high unemployment people leave for UK increasing job opportunities

  remittances give economic boost of £4 billion per year

  higher disposable income
• what are the negative economic impacts for Poland

  from economic migration?

  lose work force

  labour gaps

  brain drain-highly educated people leaving
• what has Poland done in response to brain drain?

  policy established called 'powroty' polish for return
• how has Brexit affected Eastern European migration to the UK?

  estimated 450,000 Eastern Europeans have left the UK

  outflow of workers has had effect on British economy and workforce
• why have Eastern Europeans chosen to leave UK after Brexit?

  hate crimes, children raised in an unwanted country

  increased tax pay

  no chance to learn English

  quality of life improved in Poland
• what is the 2nd case study?

  economic migrants from bangledesh to gulf states (Middle East)
• how many people typically leave bangledesh each year to work abroad?

  500,000
• what % of migrants from bangledesh are men?

  95% in 2011 were men
• when and why did the movement to the Middle East occur?

  1973 due to the oil boom and increased need for cheap labour in middle east
• where do Bangladeshis move to?

  79% move to Middle East and 21% elsewhere like Singapore and Malaysia
• what are the skill levels and types of employments of migrant Bangladeshi workers?

  cheap manual labour with low skills

  elementary occupations