Lesson 01 - Group 1

• Morality


  1. Refers to the set of standards that enable people to live cooperatively in groups

  2. May be specifically synonymous with "goodness or "rightness"

  3. Refers to the moral beliefs and practices of a culture, community or religion or a code or system of moral rules, principles, or values
• Upholding moral principles


  Requires people to put society’s needs ahead of their own immediate interest
• Characteristics of moral standards


  • Be independent
  • Regulate the behavior of individuals living in society
  • Not be written or documented
  • Emerge from the culture and customs of each society
  • Being intrinsic values of human beings, such as solidarity
• Subjectivity vs. Objectivity


  Basic idea of philosophy particularly in epistemology and metaphysics
• Subjectivity


  Refers to the individual perspective or experience of a person or a mind
• Objectivity


  Refers to the independent existence or confirmation of something regardless of any mind
• Cultural Variation


  • Differences in social behaviors, beliefs, customs, and traditions that exist among various groups and societies
• Historical Variation


  • Understand both the mechanisms of morality and their function and shed light on moral learning
• Non-moral standards


  Rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations and either not linked to morality or lack ethical sense
• Examples of non-moral standards

  • Standards of etiquette by which we judge manners as good or bad
  • Standards we call the law by which we judge something as legal or illegal
  • Standards of aesthetics by which we judge art as good or rubbish
• Relationship to personal preferences

  • Individuals frequently alter their preferences for the sake of their humans or perhaps more accurate
  • Affect the choice of a person
• Influence on social norms

  • Can have beneficial or harmful consequences for people’s well-being
  • Are central to how social order is produced and maintained in society
  • Exert influence on people’s attitudes and behavior
  • Can be harnessed as agents of influence
  • Can be altered so that targets may directly observe the social norms present