Learning

• Säljö (1979): 'He asked adult students what they understood by learning'
• Learning


  The process by which we acquire knowledge about the world
• Learning


  A more or less permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result of practice
• The Learning Cycle


  1. Prepare

  2. Absorb

  3. Capture

  4. Review
• Howard Gardner’s “multiple intelligences”

  • Verbal
  • Logical
  • Visual
  • Kinesthetic
  • Rhythmic
  • Interpersonal
  • Intrapersonal
  • Naturalist
• VARK Learning Styles


  • Visual
  • Auditory
  • Reading/Writing
  • Kinesthetic
• Learning Pyramid


  • Pedagogy
  • Andragogy
  • Heutagogy
• Memory etymologically comes from the Latin memoria and memor, meaning "mindful" or "remembering"
• Memory


  The ability to take in information, store it, and recall it
• Memory


  The ability to take in information, store it, and recall it at a later time
• Memory


  The process that allows learning through storage of information, experiences, and rules in the brain
• Explicit Memory


  Refers to knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
• Explicit Memory types


  • Episodic memory (specific events)
  • Semantic memory (knowledge about the world)
• Implicit Memory


  Refers to knowledge that we cannot consciously access
• Encoding


  The process of receiving, processing, and combining information to allow it to reach our senses
• Storage


  The creation of a permanent record of the encoded information
• Retrieval


  Calling back of stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity
• Methods of Improving Memory

  • Recall
  • Recognition
  • Relearning
  • Mnemonics using images
  • Mnemonics using organization
• Recall


  Digging into memory and bringing back information on a stimulus/response basis
• Types of Recall


  • Free recall (no cues)
  • Serial recall (recalled in a particular order)
  • Cued recall (some cues given to assist retrieval)
• Recognition


  A process that occurs in thinking when some event, process, pattern, or object recurs
• Relearning


  Remembering through relearning, where relearned information may return quickly even after many years
• Forms of Amnesia


  • Anterograde amnesia (inability to retain new memory)
  • Retrograde amnesia (inability to recall past events)
• Säljö (1979): 'He asked adult students what they understood by learning'
• Learning


  • The process by which we acquire knowledge about the world
  • A more or less permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result of practice
• The Learning Cycle


  1. Prepare

  2. Absorb

  3. Capture

  4. Review
• Howard Gardner’s “multiple intelligences”

  • Verbal
  • Logical
  • Visual
  • Kinesthetic
  • Rhythmic
  • Interpersonal
  • Intrapersonal
  • Naturalist
• VARK Learning Styles


  • Visual
  • Auditory
  • Reading/Writing
  • Kinesthetic
• Pedagogy


  Teacher-led learning where teachers determine what students will learn and how they will learn it
• Andragogy


  Self-directed learning where students aim to find their own solutions to tasks set by the teacher
• Heutagogy


  Encourages students to find their own problems and questions to answer, seeking out areas of uncertainty and complexity in the subjects they study
• The modern English word “memory” comes from the Latin memoria and memor, meaning "mindful" or "remembering"
• Memory


  The ability to take in information, store it
• Memory


  • The ability to take in information, store it, and recall it at a later time
  • The process that allows learning through storage of information, experiences, and rules in the brain
• Explicit Memory


  • Refers to knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
  • Can be further divided into episodic memory (specific events) and semantic memory (knowledge about the world)
  • Information that you have to consciously work to remember
• Implicit Memory


  • Refers to knowledge that we cannot consciously access
  • Refers to the influence of experience on behavior, even if the individual is not aware of those influences
  • Information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly
• Stages of Memory


  1. Encoding: The process of receiving, processing, and combining information

  2. Storage: The creation of a permanent record of the encoded information

  3. Retrieval (recall or recognition): Calling back of stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity
• Recall


  1. Involves digging into the memory and bringing back information on a stimulus/response basis

  2. Often needs prompting with cues to help retrieve information

  3. Three types: Free recall, Serial recall, Cued recall
• Recognition


  A process that occurs in thinking when some event, process, pattern, or object recurs
• Relearning


  Another means of remembering where relearned information may return quickly, even if it hasn't been used for many years