From notes part 1

• Heredity: the passing of traits from generation to generation
• Genetics: the study of heredity and inherited characteristics
• DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid): carries genetic information of an organism
• DNA is made of repeating subunits called nucleotides. These include phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base
• Bases in DNA include adenine(A), guanine(G), thymine(T), and cytoisine(C). A and T are together while C and G are together.\
• DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone and are attached in the middle. They are double helix.
• Anti-parallel strands include DNA backbone and nucleotides bonded together going in opposite direction.
• Chromosomes are made up of chromatin which is 40% DNA and 60% protein. They are foiled to fit in the nucleus of a cell.
• A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides(proteins) that codes fro specific functions
• Humans have 46 chromosomes, they get 23 from each parent.
• Diploid is a cell or organism consisting of two sets of chromosomes.
• Haploid is a cell or organism consisting of one set of chromosomes
• Reproduction is the production of offspring. The genetic information can either be asexual(one parent) or sexual(two parents).
• Sexual reproduction makes survival better as the organism has two sets of genes and more adaptability. However, they also tend to stand out more becoming a target. It is a double edged sword.
• Modes of asexual reproduction include: fragmentation, budding, binary fission, and cloning.
• Cloning reproduction occurs when mass producing plants and livestock, creating genetically modified organisms, and cloning endangered species.
• Mitosis (cell division) begins after a sperm fertilizes an egg
• Reasons why cells reproduce are: growth, repair, and replacement(asexual reproduction)
• Mitosis phases include: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Acronym to remember is "I pray more at the church"
• Interphase is when the cell carries out it's everyday functions and spends 90% of it's life span. At the end of the phase, chromosomes now changed into thread-like coils known as chromatids are joined at the centromere to prepare for cell division.
• Prophase is when centrioles form and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. Spindle fibers form from centrioles. Nuclear membrane disassembles and chromosomes shorten and thicken.
• Metaphase is when chromosomes are pulled by the spindle fibers to the middle of the cell.
• Anaphase is when chromatids separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell.
• Telophase is when two new nuclei form and chromosomes appear as chromatin threads rather than rods. Mitosis ends.
• Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis. Cell membrane creates two daughter cells, each with its own nucleus and identical chromosomes.
• locus is the location of a gene on a chromosome
• Erwin Chargaff discovered a key relationship among the nitrogenous bases in DNA. Adenine and thymine are complementary to each other, while cytosine and guanine are complementary to each other.
• Watson and Crick built a model of DNA which showed the molecular structure of DNA to be a double helix. Their model was based on a single x-ray diffraction image taken by Franklin.
• Portions of a DNA molecule called genes carry heretable information and are found in chromosomes.
• Genetic information includes genes which is a specific segment that codes for certain traits
• A karyotype is a profile of an organism's chromosomes
• Chromosomes are organized by their size, baning pattern and location of centromere
• Humans have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes numbered 1 to 22(longest to shortest), except 21 is the actual shortest. Humans have 1 pair of sex chromosomes(XX or XY)
• When we want to see chromosomes we must examine them in their most compact shape which is during the metaphase of mitosis.
• Cytogenetic technologists can make karyotype's by sampling blood cells, bone marrow cells, or amniotic fluid. Tests can take 1-3 weeks.
• Karyotypes have a stipped pattern caused by chemicals (Giemsa dye) They are often called G-bands. The dye stains DNA (A and T bases)\
• Meiosis is a form of cell division for sexual reproduction.
• Meiosis creates gametes which is egg and sperm. This occurs in gonads which are testes or ovaries. Gametes have half the number of chromosomes.
• Spermatogenesis, the origin and development of the sperm cells within the male reproductive organs, the testes. 
• Oogenesis, in the human female reproductive system, growth process in which the primary egg cell (or ovum) becomes a mature ovum.