Zoology Macromolecules

• The three types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
• What are the four classes of large biomolecules?

  Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
• It is a long molecule with many similar building blocks

  Polymer
• It is a small building block molecules

  Monomer
• It occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

  Condensation reaction or dehydration process
• They speed up the dehydration process

  Enzymes
• Reverse of the dehydration reaction

  Hydrolysis
• Single sugar

  Monosaccharide
• It serves as a fuel and building material

  Carbohydrates
• Most common monosaccharide

  Glucose
• Covalent bond forming disaccharides

  Glycosidic linkage
• Example of storage polysaccharides

  Starch and Glycogen
• Examples of structural polysaccharides

  Cellulose and Chitin
• Large biological molecules that do not form polymers

  Lipids
• Found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

  Chitin
• Major component of tough wall in plants

  Cellulose
• Fats are made up of two types of smaller molecules called:

  Glycerol and fatty acids
• It consists of a carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton

  Fatty acids
• Monosaccharides are classified by:

  location of the carbonyl group and number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
• Three types of fatty acids:

  Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated
• The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats

  Hydrogenation
• Made up of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

  Phospholipids
• Parts of a phospholipid

  Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
• lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings

  Steroids
• Type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

  Enzymes
• Polymers made up of the same set of 20 amino acids

  Polypeptides
• Amino acids are made of

  Amino groups, carboxyl, and R groups
• What are the four interactions of R groups?

  Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der waals interaction, and hydrophobic interactions
• Strong covalent bonds called disulfide bridges may reinforce the protein's structure
• An inherited blood disorder

  Sickle-cell disease
• It is the loss of protein's native structure.

  Denaturation
• These protein molecules assist proper folding.

  Chaperonin
• Methods to determine protein structure:

  X-ray crystallography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and Bioinformatics
• DNA is composed of four nucleotides called:

  adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
• Sequence of bases that makes the genetic code

  triplet or group of three bases
• Polymers of nucleic acids

  Polynucleotides
• Family of nitrogenous base with 6-membered ring is called

  Pyrimidines
• Family of nitrogenous base with 6-membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring

  Purines
• Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon.