Science

• Tectonic Earthquake


  1. When two tectonic plates move suddenly against each other, an earthquake occurs

  2. The shaking of the Earth's crust usually happens along Faults

  3. The plates on each side of a fault slide past each other with a tremendous amount of force

  4. This movement triggers earthquakes as its effect
• Volcanic Earthquake


  1. Volcanic earthquakes occur in areas associated with volcanic activities

  2. As fluid magma rises to the surface, its pressure fractures rock masses and causes continuous tremors

  3. Volcanic earthquakes can be felt in a considerably smaller area compared to tectonic earthquakes

  4. When volcanic eruptions happen, a tremendous amount of energy is released and a subsequent earthquake follows
• The Philippines is found along the Pacific Ring of Fire resulting in many volcanoes distributed in different parts of the country
• The Circum-Pacific Belt is an area circling the Pacific Ocean
• The Pacific Plate rubs and grinds against other plates surrounding it, including the Philippine Plate
• The movement of the plates causes earthquakes and triggers volcanic activities in the whole area around the Pacific Ocean
• The Philippines is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire
• To the east of the Philippines is the 10,539-meter deep Philippine Trench
• The subduction or downward and sideways movement of the plate causes frequent earthquakes in the Philippines
• A seismograph measures the magnitude of an earthquake
• Magnitude is the energy released by an earthquake and is measured using a Richter scale
• Richter scale


  • 1 - Not felt on the surface; only detectable through sensitive seismometers
  • 2 - Hardly perceptible shocks and may be felt only slightly near the epicenter
  • 3 - Very feeble shocks and felt near the epicenter, but causing little or no damage
  • 4 - Feeble shocks, but causing little or no damage
  • 5 - Moderate quake; felt over wide areas; can cause local damages near the epicenter
  • 6 - Strong earthquake and clearly felt over a wide area near the epicenter; damage to poorly constructed buildings within 10 km
  • 7 - Major earthquake; can cause serious damage and possible loss of life
  • 8 - Great earthquake; can cause widespread destruction and loss of life; considerable tsunamis are produced
  • 9 - Rare great earthquake; major damage and loss of life over a large region even more than 1,000 km from the epicenter
• Intensity is a measure of how much damage earthquakes cause on the surface
• Intensity is measured on the Modified Mercalli scale invented by Italian scientist Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902
• The rating intensities in the Mercalli scale are based on the observation of damage brought by an earthquake in a particular place or location
• Destruction of property and loss of lives occur when strong earthquakes happen
• Ground ruptures can destroy structures such as houses, buildings, dams, bridges, and roads
• Earthquakes can cause landslides and avalanches in mountainous areas
• Landslides and avalanches cause damage in the place below mountainous areas where they occur
• A tsunami is a huge wave produced when an earthquake occurs under the sea
• A tsunami is formed when rocks along a fault slip, sending a shockwave through the water above it and creating powerful waves
• Instrumental (1 - I)

  Detected by seismograph; usually not felt
• Feeble (2 - II)


  Noticed only by people at rest
• Slight (3 - III)

  Shaking felt indoors but not outdoors; hanging objects swing back and forth
• Moderate (4 - IV)

  Generally perceptible by people in motion; hanging objects swing
• Rather strong (5 - V)


  Almost everyone feels movement; sleeping people are awakened
• Strong (6 - VI)

  Felt by all and slight damage occurs; stronger shaking can cause people to fall over and walls and ceilings to crack
• Very strong (7 - VII)

  Poorly built buildings suffer severe damage; people would have difficulties remaining upright; drivers in their cars feel the shaking
• Destructive (8 - VIII)

  Tall buildings sway and minor damage could happen to specially designed buildings
• Ruinous (9 - IX)


  The ground cracks; well-constructed buildings are damaged and pipes are broken; all buildings suffer major damage
• Disastrous (10 - X)

  Landslides occur; ground cracks widely; major damage occurs to structures; some bridges are destroyed
• Very Disastrous (11 - XI)

  Bridges and buildings are destroyed; large fissures open; almost all structures fall; very wide cracks on the ground
• Catastrophic (12 - XII)


  Total destruction; ground surface waves are seen; river courses are altered
• Relief printing 


  Is a form of printing in which the printed area holds the ink and is raised from the non-print area. Doing so creates a print when the plate with ink is pressed against another material
• Intaglio printing 


  Is a form of printing in which the printing area is lowered from the non-printing area. The lowered areas hold the ink?
• Lithography 


  Is an old method of printing in which the image area holds ink while the non-image area repels ink?
• Screen printing 


  Is a form of printing wherein ink is passed through specific areas of a screen that are not blocked resulting to prints of selected areas of the surface?
• Shapes


  Used to form an object.
• Value 


  Use to defined form and create
• Texture 


  Is an element of art that refers to the way things feel or look as they might feel if touched.