Organic Functional Groups

• Alcohol Structure


  R-OH
• Aldehyde 


  Structure

  A) Hydrogen R Group

  
• Alkene

  
• Alkyne

  
• Amide

  
• Amine

  
• Aromatics

  
• Carboxylic Acid

  
• Ester (Note: R groups are not H)

  
• Ether

  
• Ketone


  Note: H is not an R group

  A) R groups

  
• Naphthalene

  
• Nitrile

  
• Thiol

  
• Anthracene

  
• Speed of light 


  3.0 x 10^8 m/s
• Planck's Constant 


  6.63 x 10^-34 J*sec
• Order the Electromagnetic Spectrum by Lowest Energy to Highest Energy

  Radiowaves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible, UV, X-ray, Gamma
• Order the Electromagnetic Spectrum from Lowest Frequency (v) to Highest Frequency

  Radio, Micro, IR, Visible, UV, X-ray, Gamma
• Order the Electromagnetic Spectrum from Shortest Wavelength to Longest Wavelength

  Gamma, X-ray, UV, Visible, IR, Micro, Radio
• Molecules with large dipole moments are visible in a IR Spectroscopy graph.
• A non-linear molecule with n atoms has 3n-6 vibration modes and 3 rotational modes
• A linear molecule has 3n-5 vibrational modes and 2 rotational modes
• Wave Number (v-)


  Units: reciprocal centimeters

  1/wavelength

  v/c
• Oscillation Potential Energy Expression


  E = (1/2)kx^2
• Relationship between frequency and wave number


  v=c(v-)
• Stretching frequency (v-)


  v- = (1/2pi(c))sqr(k/m)
• Energy of Radiation

  E=hv

  E=hc/wavelength

  E=hc(v-)
• Ethanol

  A) -OH

  B) CH2

  C) CH3

  
• Phenol

  A) -OH

  
• Relationship between frequency (v) and wavelength

  v=c/wavelength
• What does the left side of the NMR graph indicate?

  High frequenc, low shielding, low magnetic field
• What does the right side of the NMR graph indicate?

  Low frequency, high shielding, and high magnetic field
• High NMR peaks indicate…

  more shielded, higher frequency
• Low NMR peaks…

  Less molecular shielding and lower magnetic fields
• IR Spect Wavenumber for isolated C double bonded to C

  1640-1680 cm-1
• IR Spect Wavenumber for conjugated C double bonded to C

  1620-1640 cm-1
• Wave number of aromatic C double bonded to C

  ~1600 cm-1
• Wave number O-H

  3700-3100
• Wave number double bond C, single to H

  3100-3000