Endocrine

• Endocrine system is composed of endocrine glands
• Endocrine glands -ductless glands, for the production of hormones
• Function of Endocrine System

  -mainly for regulate range of body functions

  • Metabolism
  • Growth and Development
  • Sexual function and reproduction
  • Heart rate and blood pressure
• Parts of Endocrine System

  Hypothalamus - center of the brain

  • Regulates the function of the Pituitary Gland
  • -Stimulates hormone production
  • Connector between Endocrine System and Nervous System
  • Keep homeostasis
• Hypothalamus & its Hormones

  
• Hypothalamus & its Hormones
• Parts of the Endocrine System

  Pituitary gland - master gland

  -Pea-sized

  -Inferior to hypothalamus

  Two parts

  1. Anterior Lobe: secretes hormones affecting the breast, adrenals, thyroid, ovaries, testes
  2. Posterior Lobe: kidneys
• Pituitary Gland & its Hormones

  
• Pituitary Gland & its Hormones

  
• Endocrine Gland Disorder (Pituitary Gland)

  Acromegaly - Abnormal enlargement of the body and extremities

  -Excessive growth hormone

  -Tanya Angus, 7 feet tall; weigh 400 pounds
• Endocrine Gland Disorder (Pituitary Gland)

  Gigantism - Abnormal tallness

  • Excessive growth hormone secretion
  • Pankratova, Russian, 4 feet long legs
• Endocrine Gland Disorder (Pituitary Gland)

  Dwarfism - Abnormal shortness

  • Deficiency of growth hormone
  • He Pingping, Chinese, 2 feet 5.37 inches tall
• Parts of Endocrine System

  Pineal gland - “3rd eye”

  • Pinecone shaped
  • At the center of the brain between the left and right hemispheres
  • Melatonin - Helps control sleep cycle
• Parts of Endocrine System

  Thyroid gland - Butterfly-like

  -Inferior the larynx, in front the trachea

  • Secretions:
  • Thyroid Hormones: Triiodothyronine (T3)Thyroxine (T4)
  • Calcitonin
• Thyroid Gland & its Hormones

  
• Endocrine Gland Disorder (Thyroid Gland)

  Goiter - Enlargement of the thyroid gland

  • Lack of iodine in the diet
• Endocrine Gland Disorder (Thyroid Gland)

  Grave's Disease - Leading to hyperthyroidism

  • Overactive thyroid
  • Autoimmune disorder
  • Grave’s Ophthalmopathy: bulging eyes
  • Thickening of skin
  • Anxiety
• Endocrine Gland Disorder (Thyroid Gland)

  Hashimoto's disorder - leads to Hypothyroidism

  • Autoimmune disorder
  • Larger / swollen thyroid
  • Tiredness
  • Weight gain
• Parts of Endocrine System

  Parathyroid glands - 4 masses of tissue posterior to thyroid glands

  -Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

  • Bones: Stimulates the release of calcium from bones into the bloodstream, increasing bone destruction and decreasing new bone formation
  • Kidneys: Reduces loss of calcium in urine. Stimulates production of active Vitamin D in kidneys
  • Intestine: Increases calcium absorption from food in the intestine via its effect on Vitamin D metabolism
• Endocrine Gland Disorder (Parathyroid Gland)

  Hyperparathyroidisms - hypercalcemia

  • Overactivity of the gland
  • Calcium imbalance
  • Kidney stones
  • Osteoporosis
• Parts of Endocrine System

  Thymus - At the upper thorax, behind the sternum between the lungs

  -Active only until puberty

  -Shrinks and become fat after puberty

  Thymosin

  • Maintains proper Immune System
  • Promotes development of T cells and Lymphocytes
  • Stimulates pituitary hormone for growth
  • Thymopoietin and Thymulin - Assist in the differentiation of T cells
• Endocrine Gland Disorder (Thymus)

  Myasthenia gravis - Abnormally large thymus

  • Produces antibodies that block or destroy muscle receptor sites
  • Easily tired and weak muscles •
  • Drooping eyebrow
  • Drooping mouth corner
  • Smoothing forehead
• Parts of Endocrine System

  Adrenal gland - “Suprarenal Gland”

  -Attached to the top of each kidney

  Two Parts:

  • Adrenal Cortex

  • Adrenal Medulla
• Adrenal Gland & its Hormones

  
• Endocrine Gland Disorder (Adrenal Gland)

  Cushing's Syndrome - Hypersecretion of cortisol

  • Buffalo Hump: dorsal fat pad
  • Moon face
  • Thin, easy bruising skin
  • Enlarged heart; High blood pressure Muscle weakness
  • Osteoporosis
  • Purple striae
  • Obesity
• Endocrine Gland Disorder (Adrenal Gland)

  Addison's Disease - Hypocortisolism / Primary adrenal insufficiency

  • Adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones, glucocorticoid and aldosterone
  • GI disturbances
  • Weakness
  • Weight loss
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Bronze skin pigmentation
  • Changes in body hair distribution
  • Suppression of immune system
• Parts of Endocrine System

  Pancreas - Along the lower curvature of the small intestine (duodenum)

  Alpha Cells: Glucagon

  • Increases level of glucose in the blood

  Beta Cells: Insulin

  • Lowers blood glucose
• Endocrine Gland Disorder (Pancreas)

  Diabetes mellitus - Metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar

  • Body cannot make enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it does make

  
• Parts of Endocrine System

  Ovaries - Part of female reproductive system. Oval shape, at the side of the uterus

  Hormones:

  • Estrogen

  • Progesterone
• Ovary & its Hormones

  
• Parts of Endocrine System

  Testes - Twin oval-shaped organs about the size of a large grape

  • Located within the scrotum, hanging outside the body behind the penis
  • Hormone secretes is Testosterone
• Testis & its Hormones