gen bio 2

• Central Dogma of Molecular Biology


  Explains the flow of information in cells from DNA-RNA-make proteins
• Purine


  • A, G
• Pyrimidine


  • C, T
• Both DNA and RNA

  Undergo complementary base pairing which contain both Purine and Pyrimidine
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
• The structure of DNA provides a mechanism for making accurate copies of the molecule
• DNA Replication


  The genetic information in DNA is duplicated to form an identical copy of the DNA molecule
• When DNA replicates, two identical copies of DNA molecules are produced, which are exactly the same as the original
• In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick worked out that DNA is double helix like a twisted staircase
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a molecule present in most living organisms and viruses
• Nitrogenous bases in RNA

  • Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine
• Purine in RNA


  • A, G
• Pyrimidine in RNA


  • C, U
• Replication


  Ensures that genetic information is passed on from one generation of cells to the next during cell division
• All DNA have a semi-conservative strand due to replication process
• Replication happens inside the nucleus of the cell
• Helicase


  An enzyme that breaks the bond between nitrogenous bases, untwists/unwinds and separates the double-stranded DNA
• DNA Polymerase


  Adds nucleotides to the growing strand, ensuring accurate genetic information transfer
• Primase


  Initiates the process by synthesizing RNA primers, essential for polymerase to extend the strands
• Ligase finalizes DNA replication, sealing any gaps and connecting Ok
• Proteins


  Composed of several amino acid polymers known as polypeptides. A protein's three-dimensional structure determines its size, form, and function
• There is a mechanism whereby the order of nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA in a polypeptide may be converted into specific amino acids
• The genetic code is considered the language of guidance in the mRNA
• Each of the coded message terms in the genetic code is three bases long, called the codon
• Gene is the coding part of the DNA for a specific trait
• tRNA (transfer RNA)


  Decodes mRNA into amino acids, carries amino acids on them, looks for complementary bases to transfer amino acids
• To make proteins, amino acids are needed
• The genetic code for the amino acids Val-His-Leu-Thr-Pro-Glu-Glu is: GUU-CAU-CUU-ACU-CCU-CCA-CAG