Unit 3 21st

• During the Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930), they imitated English and American models. Their writings clearly depicted their love of country and their longing for independence
• Dead Stars was the first short story written in English by Paz Marquez Benitez
• The Small Key was written by Paz Latorena
• Footnote to Youth was written by Jose Garcia Villa
• El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) was established by Sergio Osmena


  1900
• The Americans censored, twice banned and threatened Osmena with banishment because of his nationalistic writings
• El Grito Del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) was established by Pascual Poblete


  1900
• El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) was founded by Rafael Palma


  1901
• Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas (Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) written by Aurelio Tolentino. It depicts the suppression done by the Americans and their plan to colonize the Philippines.
• Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad
• Malaya by Tomas Remigio
• Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes
• Zarzuelas was popularized in 1893 A new-found dramatic form was popularized by Severino Reyes and the old forms gradually vanished. The theme was no longer about Christians and Muslims but between Filipinos and Spaniards in the first period of the American regime.
• “Salawahang Pag-ibig” by Lope K. Santos
• “Pagsintang Naluoy” by Modesto Santiago
• “Unang Bulaklak” by Valeriano Hernandez.
• “Banaag at Sikat, ” which was written by Lope K. Santos, is one of the most renowned novels during this era. The emotional character of each Filipino was shown in this novel using tents of provinces.
• The Period of Reorientation (1898-1910)
• The Period of Imitation (1910-1924)
• Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)
• According to Victoria Abelardo, the Filipino literature in the time of Japanese invasion was “bitter and pessimistic”
• Voice of Freedom - an utmostly secret underground radio, served as the only contact of Filipinos with the outside world.
• The guerillas performed oral and written literature using their satirical and humorous skills.
• Karaniwang Anyo (usual metrical form)
• Tanaga – a poem consisted of 4 lines, each with 7 syllables and usually has AAAA rhyme scheme
• Haiku – a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables and the third, five. The haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in meaning.
• They also founded the organization of Filipino players named Dramatic Philippines.
• Published in 1946, Ginto Sa Makiling – a novel by Macario Pineda, is the first work of note that appeared after the second world war.
• A famous Tagalog novelist named Lazaro Francisco produced three more novels, Lazaro Francisco is a realist with social and moral ideals. The Rizal influence on his work is profound.
• Sugat Sa Alaala (1950) reflecting the horrors of the war experience as well as the human capacity for nobility, endurance, and love under the most extreme circumstances.
• Maganda Pa Ang Daigdig (1956) deals with the agrarian issue,
• Daluyong (1962) deals with the corruption bred by the American-style and American-educated pseudo-reformers
• The poet Amado Hernandez, who was also union leader and social activist, also wrote novels advocating social change.
• Luha ng Buwaya (1963) (Lumbera) deals with the struggle between the oppressed peasantry and the class of politically powerful landlords.
• Mga Ibong Mandaragit (1969) deals with the domination of Filipinos by American industry.
• Sa Ngalan Ng Ina (1997) was written during this period by prize-winning poet-critic Lilia Quindoza Santiago, is, to date, the most comprehensive compilation of feminist writing in the Philippines.
• Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez, fictionist, essayist, poet, and teacher, articulated the Filipino spirit in rural, urban landscapes.
• Macario Pineda is a well-known Filipino writer. He is a renowned author because of his Tagalog works. Even though he wrote some stories in English, all his writings in Filipino were much appreciated by the readers. He also authored works in Liwayway, Malaya, Bulaklak, Ilang-ilang, Daigdig, at Sinag-tala
• Stevan Javellana was a Filipino novelist and short story writer in the English language.